Тест: Urban Transformation and Sustainable Development — 18 въпроса

1. What is Makoko in Lagos best described as?

A. A planned business park focused on high-tech manufacturing

B. A major landfill site receiving thousands of tonnes of waste daily

C. A reclaimed financial district designed for global banks

D. A stilt-built settlement in the lagoon without official sewage or electricity

Answer: (D)

Обяснение

Makoko is the stilt-built squatter settlement in Lagos Lagoon and lacks official sewage and electricity. The other options describe different Lagos or Sheffield features.

2. What is Eko Atlantic intended to do in Lagos?

A. Attract global investment by creating a new financial district

B. Reduce traffic congestion by adding a new ring road

C. Increase waste processing capacity for the whole metropolis

D. Provide low-cost housing on the city outskirts

Answer: (A)

Обяснение

Eko Atlantic is a major new financial district built on reclaimed land to attract global investment. It is not a transport or housing project.

3. What was the main purpose of Sheffield’s Heart of the City project?

A. To build a new airport on brownfield land

B. To move steel production back into the city centre

C. To replace older commercial space with public areas and bring people back to the centre

D. To expand suburban housing on greenfield sites

Answer: (C)

Обяснение

Heart of the City focused on regenerating Sheffield’s centre by replacing older commercial space with public areas. It was designed to draw people back into the city centre.

4. What role did the Advanced Manufacturing Park play in Sheffield’s regeneration?

A. It shifted the local economy toward high-tech research by attracting major companies

B. It reopened heavy steelworks as the city’s main employer

C. It created a landfill site for industrial waste

D. It provided a large urban glasshouse for city-centre leisure

Answer: (A)

Обяснение

The AMP helped move Sheffield away from heavy steel and toward high-tech research by attracting companies such as Boeing and Rolls-Royce. The Winter Garden, not the AMP, is the glasshouse.

5. Which feature of BedZED is designed to maximise passive solar heating?

A. Car club membership

B. Dual-flush toilets

C. Rainwater harvesting

D. South-facing homes

Answer: (D)

Обяснение

BedZED homes face south so they capture more solar warmth passively. The other features mainly reduce water use or transport emissions.

6. How does BedZED reduce water consumption compared with the UK average?

A. By using dual-flush toilets, aerated taps, and rainwater harvesting

B. By importing all water from outside London

C. By relying on rooftop desalination units

D. By cooling homes with seawater recycling

Answer: (A)

Обяснение

BedZED cuts water use by 50% versus the UK average through dual-flush toilets, aerated taps, and rainwater harvesting. The other options are not part of the project.

7. How does tourism contribute to Jamaica’s economy?

A. It supports over 30% of GDP and creates direct or indirect jobs for more than 130,000 people

B. It contributes less than 5% of GDP and employs only a few thousand workers

C. It mainly replaces the need for all manufacturing in the country

D. It supports exports but has little effect on employment

Answer: (A)

Обяснение

Tourism contributes over 30% of Jamaica’s GDP and supports more than 130,000 jobs across related sectors. This makes it a major part of the economy.

8. What is meant by leakage of tourism profits in Jamaica?

A. Profits leaving Jamaica and going back to companies outside the country

B. A shortage of hotel rooms during the peak season

C. Tourists spending more money in inland villages than in resorts

D. Reinvesting all tourism earnings into local schools and hospitals

Answer: (A)

Обяснение

Leakage happens when multinational tourism firms take profits out of Jamaica, often back to the US or Europe. This limits how much money stays in the local economy.

9. How is Nigeria’s economy described in relation to employment change?

A. It is shifting from agriculture toward oil refining, manufacturing, banking, and telecoms

B. It depends mainly on fishing and forestry for most jobs

C. It has no significant industrial or service activity

D. It is shifting back from services to subsistence farming

Answer: (A)

Обяснение

Nigeria is presented as shifting away from primary employment in agriculture and toward secondary and tertiary activities such as refining, manufacturing, banking, and telecoms. The source gives agriculture falling from 70% to 30%.

10. Which pair of oil-industry problems in Nigeria is highlighted in the source?

A. Road congestion in cities and a shortage of office space

B. Declining tourism and coral reef bleaching

C. Seasonal drought and mountain erosion

D. Oil spills in the Niger Delta and gas flaring that causes toxic air pollution

Answer: (D)

Обяснение

The source links Niger Delta oil spills to damage for fishing and farming land and says gas flaring creates toxic air pollution. These are major environmental costs of oil production.

11. Which feature is part of the Sunderland Nissan plant’s sustainability strategy for reducing electricity-related emissions?

A. Using 10 wind turbines and a large solar farm on-site

B. Importing all electricity from a distant hydropower dam

C. Moving production entirely to offshore wind farms

D. Replacing car manufacturing with rail freight services

Answer: (A)

Обяснение

The plant uses on-site renewable energy, specifically 10 wind turbines and a large solar farm, to supply part of its electricity needs. This is a key part of its sustainability approach, alongside making the electric Nissan LEAF.

12. What is the main purpose of the plant’s zero waste to landfill target?

A. To burn waste in a large incinerator on the factory site

B. To recycle plastics, metals, and scrap materials on-site

C. To reduce the number of cars produced each year

D. To export all waste to other countries for processing

Answer: (B)

Обяснение

Zero waste to landfill means the plant aims to avoid sending waste to landfill by recycling materials such as plastics, metals, and scrap on-site. The other options describe different waste-management approaches that are not given here.

13. Which statement best describes rural change in Cambridgeshire?

A. Population is stable because farming remains the dominant employer

B. Population is falling rapidly because young people are leaving and schools are closing

C. Population is declining because coastal erosion is forcing communities inland

D. Population is rising quickly, with growth linked to in-migration and new housing on greenfield sites

Answer: (D)

Обяснение

Cambridgeshire is described as a fast-growing rural area with strong in-migration and new housing on greenfield land. The decline, school closures, and aging population pattern applies to the Outer Hebrides instead.

14. What is a major social and economic consequence of change in the Outer Hebrides?

A. A growing financial district built on reclaimed land

B. An aging population as young people leave for university or jobs

C. A surge in tech firms that attracts more commuters into the area

D. A rapid expansion of large-scale urban housing developments

Answer: (B)

Обяснение

The Outer Hebrides are losing young people, which contributes to an aging population and school closures. Crofting and fishing also struggle, showing both social and economic decline.

15. What is HS2 mainly intended to do?

A. Connect London to Birmingham and eventually further north by high-speed rail

B. Build a new motorway corridor between Manchester and London

C. Replace all local rail services in northern England

D. Link coastal tourist resorts with inland market towns

Answer: (A)

Обяснение

HS2 is planned as a high-speed rail line linking London to Birmingham and then further north. Its purpose includes improving connectivity and reducing travel times.

16. Which criticism is associated with HS2 in the regional divide debate?

A. It has been argued to benefit London more after the Manchester leg was canceled

B. It is blamed for flooding city centres during construction

C. It is criticized for being built entirely in rural Scotland

D. It is opposed because it uses the hard shoulder as a traffic lane

Answer: (A)

Обяснение

A major criticism is that canceled northern sections, including the Manchester link, make the project seem to benefit London more than the North. Other options refer to different transport issues not linked to HS2 here.

17. How do smart motorways manage traffic on existing motorways?

A. They widen every motorway with two extra permanent lanes

B. They close all hard shoulders and ban peak-time driving

C. They use electronic gantries to change speed limits and CCTV to monitor conditions

D. They replace cars with a tram system on the same route

Answer: (C)

Обяснение

Smart motorways rely on technology such as overhead gantries for dynamic speed limits and CCTV for real-time monitoring. This lets them manage capacity without major physical widening.

18. Why has the construction of all-lane running smart motorways been paused?

A. They were found to reduce motorway capacity too much

B. They caused too much damage to ancient woodland

C. Safety concerns arose about breakdowns in live lanes with no physical barrier

D. They were replaced by a new rail-based transport policy

Answer: (C)

Обяснение

The main concern is safety: if a vehicle breaks down in an active hard shoulder lane with no barrier, the risk of collision is high. That backlash led to a pause in construction.