1. 📌 Essentials

• Digraphs are pairs of letters representing a single sound in English.
• Main digraph groups include <ai>, <ea>, <ei>, <eu>, <oa>, <oo>, <ou>, <ow>, <ough>.
• Pronunciation of digraphs depends on their subgroup classification and context.
• <ea> can be /iː/ as in "meal" or /ɛ/ as in "bread" (exception).
• <ou has multiple pronunciations: /aʊ/round"), /uː/ ("wound"), /luː/ (French origin).
• <ough> has five common pronunciations: /aʊ/, /ɔː/, /eʊ/, /uː/, /ɑː/.
• Exceptions often involve foreign-origin words or irregular spellings.
• Transcription exercises focus on applying pronunciation rules and memorizing exceptions.
• Subgroup classification guides pronunciation, but irregularities exist.
• Recognizing multiple pronunciations of the same digraph is crucial for accurate transcription.

2. 🧩 Key Structures & Components

• Digraphs — letter pairs representing single sounds.
• Subgroups — classification based on spelling patterns (e.g., <ea>, <ou>, <ough>).
• Exceptions — irregular pronunciations that deviate from rules.
• <ea> — /iː/ (e.g., "meal") or /ɛ/ (e.g., "bread").
• <ou> — /aʊ/ (e.g., "round"), /uː/ (e.g., "coup"), /luː/ (French origin, e.g., "wound").
• <ough> — multiple sounds: /aʊ/ ("drought"), /ɔː/ ("bough"), /eʊ/ ("dough"), /uː/ ("through"), /ɑː/ ("borough").
• Foreign-origin words — often have unique or irregular pronunciations.

3. 🔬 Functions, Mechanisms & Relationships