Fundamentals of Human Body Systems

📋 Course Outline

1. Cell Structure and Function
2. Tissue Types and Functions
3. Blood and Hematopoiesis
4. Nervous System Anatomy
5. Musculoskeletal System
6. Cardiovascular System
7. Respiratory System
8. Digestive System
9. Renal System
10. Endocrine System

📖 1. Cell Structure and Function

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Cell membrane (plasma membrane): The semi-permeable barrier composed mainly of phospholipids and proteins that surrounds the cell, regulating the entry and exit of substances. Alberts et al. (2002) describe it as a dynamic structure essential for maintaining cellular integrity and communication.

• Nucleus: The membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA). It controls cellular activities through gene expression. Watson and Crick (1953) identified DNA as the genetic material housed within the nucleus.

• Mitochondria: Double-membraned organelles responsible for energy production via ATP synthesis. Margulis (1970) proposed the endosymbiotic theory, suggesting mitochondria originated from free-living bacteria.

• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): A network of membranous tubules involved in protein and lipid synthesis. Palade (1955) first described the rough ER's role in protein synthesis, highlighting its ribosome attachments.