What is self-awareness in terms of personal understanding?
The ability to recognise and understand one’s own thoughts, emotions, behaviours, strengths, weaknesses, values, and beliefs.
What is self-concept?
An individual's overall understanding and perception of their identity, abilities, personality, roles, and characteristics.
What does self-esteem involve?
Emotional evaluation of oneself including value, respect, and acceptance.
What is self-efficacy according to Albert Bandura?
An individual's belief in their ability to successfully perform a task or achieve a goal.
What does Milton Rokeach's value theory explain about values?
Values are enduring beliefs about what is desirable or worthwhile.
How do values influence a person according to Rokeach's theory?
They influence attitudes, decisions, behaviours, and life goals.
What are terminal values?
Desired end goals or life outcomes a person wants to achieve.
Give examples of terminal values.
Happiness, freedom, inner harmony, family security, wisdom, equality, a comfortable life, and world peace.
What are instrumental values?
Preferred ways of behaving that help achieve terminal values.
Give examples of instrumental values.
Honesty, responsibility, courage, self-control, kindness, ambition, politeness, and forgiveness.
What does Kolb's experiential learning cycle explain about learning?
Learning occurs through experiencing, reflecting, thinking, and applying continuously.
Which author developed the experiential learning cycle?
David A. Kolb.
What are Kolb's four learning stages?
Concrete Experience, Reflective Observation, Abstract Conceptualisation, and Active Experimentation.
In which work are Kolb's four learning stages described?
David A. Kolb's experiential learning theory.
What is a schema in psychology?
A mental framework organizing knowledge to interpret information.
What defines a cognitive bias?
A systematic thinking error affecting perception and decisions.
How does prejudice differ from a stereotype?
Prejudice is a negative attitude without evidence; stereotype is an oversimplified group belief.
Can stereotypes be positive or negative?
Yes, stereotypes may be positive or negative.
Who developed the six-stage Reflective Cycle model in 1988?
Graham Gibbs.
What are the six stages of Gibbs' Reflective Cycle?
Description, Feelings, Evaluation, Analysis, Conclusion, and Action Plan.
What must an effective practitioner recognise about themselves?
Personal strengths and weaknesses relevant to professional practice.
Why must counsellors recognise their personal beliefs and assumptions?
To prevent unfair influence on clients.
What must counsellors understand to maintain professional boundaries?
Their roles, responsibilities, and limitations.
Who developed the Cognitive Behavioural Therapy model?
Aaron T. Beck
What does the CBT model propose about thoughts, emotions, and behaviours?
They are interconnected and can be changed through awareness of unhelpful patterns.
What are the four CBT dimensions of self-awareness?
Thoughts, emotions, behaviours, and physical reactions.
What is a cognitive distortion?
An unhelpful pattern of thinking that interprets situations inaccurately or irrationally.
What is mindfulness?
Paying full attention to the present moment with openness, curiosity, and acceptance.
What are the key elements of mindfulness?
Present-moment awareness, acceptance, attention, non-judgment, and compassion.
What is value clarification?
The process of identifying and understanding personal and professional values guiding behaviour and decisions.
What is empathy in terms of understanding others?
The ability to understand and share another person's thoughts, feelings, and experiences from their point of view.
What are the three types of empathy?
Cognitive empathy, emotional or affective empathy, and compassionate empathy.
What does Batson's Empathy–Altruism Hypothesis state?
Empathic concern produces altruistic motivation to help without personal reward.
Which author proposed the Empathy–Altruism Hypothesis?
C. Daniel Batson.
Who developed Person-Centred Therapy as a humanistic approach?
Carl Rogers
What are the three core conditions of Person-Centred Therapy?
Empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence or genuineness
What does empathy mean in Person-Centred Therapy?
Entering the client’s world and understanding it as if one were the client without losing one’s own identity
What is perspective-taking in empathy?
The ability to understand another's situation without assuming identical experience.
What personal factors act as barriers to empathy?
Personal biases and prejudices obstruct empathy.
According to Daniel Goleman (1995), what does self-awareness involve?
Knowing one’s internal states, preferences, resources, and intuitions.
Which author defined self-awareness as knowing internal states in 1995?
Daniel Goleman.
How do Shelley Duval and Robert Wicklund (1972) define self-awareness?
The capacity to become the object of one’s own attention.
Who defined self-awareness as the capacity to become the object of one’s own attention in 1972?
Shelley Duval and Robert Wicklund.
How does the World Health Organization define self-awareness?
Including recognition of one’s character, strengths, weaknesses, desires, and dislikes.
Which organization defines self-awareness as recognition of character, strengths, and desires?
The World Health Organization.
How does self-concept develop?
Through experiences, interactions, social feedback, and personal reflection.
When does self-concept development begin?
In early childhood.
Does self-concept development continue throughout life?
Yes, it continues throughout life.
How does Rokeach’s theory support self-awareness?
By identifying personal values, improving value-aligned decision-making, promoting consistent behaviour, clarifying meaningful goals, and encouraging personal growth.
How does a life timeline develop self-concept?
By marking important events and reflecting on how they shaped identity.
What does reflection in Kolb's cycle promote?
Self-awareness by recognizing strengths, weaknesses, emotions, and learning preferences.
What does confirmation bias involve?
Seeking and remembering information that supports existing beliefs.
What does the Description stage of Gibbs' Reflective Cycle record?
What happened, where, who was involved, actions taken, and outcome without judgment.
What is the purpose of the Action Plan stage in Gibbs' Reflective Cycle?
To identify practical steps for future improvement.
What emotions must self-aware counsellors manage professionally?
Sadness, frustration, and anxiety.
Name three cognitive distortions included in CBT.
All-or-nothing thinking, overgeneralization, and mental filter.
Which cognitive distortion involves predicting negative outcomes without evidence?
Fortune telling.
What cognitive distortion involves blaming oneself for events outside one’s control?
Personalization.
What does acceptance of difficult thoughts mean?
Acknowledging unwanted thoughts without suppressing, avoiding, fighting, or treating them as true.
What is the first step in the empathy–altruism process?
Empathic concern.
What follows empathic concern in the empathy–altruism process?
Perception of need.
What comes after altruistic motivation in the empathy–altruism process?
Helping behaviour.
In which work is the empathy–altruism process described?
C. Daniel Batson, Empathy–Altruism Hypothesis.
How does empathy create understanding in therapy?
Through perspective-taking and listening
What does sympathy express compared to empathy?
Pity or sorrow and may move too quickly toward reassurance or advice
How does poor listening obstruct empathy?
By interrupting, giving advice too quickly, or not paying attention.
What cultural differences can obstruct empathy?
Differences in language, customs, values, or beliefs.
Test your knowledge with 32 questions on Self-Awareness and Empathy.
1. Which ability best defines self-awareness?
2. According to Shelley Duval and Robert Wicklund, what does self-awareness involve?
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