Lernzettel: Violences de Genre et Justice au Royaume-Uni

📋 Plan du Cours

1. Oppression et violences basées sur le genre
2. Structures patriarcales et dynamiques de pouvoir
3. Violence institutionnalisée et silenciation sociale des victimes
4. Conséquences psychologiques, sociales et cycles de traumatisme liés aux violences de genre
5. Cadre législatif et recours judiciaires en matière de violences sexuelles et sexistes au Royaume-Uni
6. Justice réparatrice et soins adaptés aux traumatismes
7. Intégration de la perspective de genre dans les politiques publiques
8. Principes et défis liés au relativisme culturel dans la lutte contre les violences de genre
9. Mécanismes de protection et protocoles de sauvegarde dans les services publics
10. Normes juridiques européennes et jurisprudence relative aux droits humains et violences de genre
11. Fonctionnement du système judiciaire britannique et mécanismes d’accès à la justice pour les victimes

📖 1. Oppression et violences basées sur le genre

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Gender-based oppression : Systematic discrimination or mistreatment based on gender, often embedded in societal norms.
• Victim-blaming : Assigning responsibility to the victim for the violence they experienced, reinforcing stigma.
• Under-reporting : Tendency for many cases of violence to go unreported due to fear, shame, or mistrust.
• Societal silencing : Cultural or institutional pressures that discourage victims from speaking out.
• Intersectional vulnerability : Increased risk of violence due to overlapping identities such as gender, ethnicity, or disability.

📝 Points essentiels

• Gender-based oppression désigne une discrimination systématique fondée sur le genre, souvent intégrée dans les normes sociales.
• Le victim-blaming consiste à attribuer la responsabilité de la violence à la victime, renforçant ainsi la stigmatisation.
• L’intersectional vulnerability augmente le risque de violence en raison de l’imbrication de plusieurs identités (genre, ethnicité, handicap).

💡 À retenir

Comprendre comment les mécanismes sociaux et culturels invisibilisent et perpétuent les violences de genre.

📖 2. Structures patriarcales et dynamiques de pouvoir

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Patriarchal structures : Social systems dominated by male authority that influence laws, culture, and institutions.
• Power dynamics : The distribution and exercise of power within relationships and institutions, often resulting in disadvantages for women.
• Gendered expectations : Social norms that prescribe specific roles and behaviours based on gender, reinforcing inequalities.
• Marginalised communities : Groups excluded from mainstream social, economic, or political life, which increases their vulnerability to sexual and gender-based violence.

📝 Points essentiels

• Les patriarchal structures sont des systèmes sociaux dominés par l’autorité masculine influençant lois, culture et institutions.
• Les gendered expectations imposent des rôles et comportements spécifiques selon le genre, renforçant les inégalités.

💡 À retenir

Analyser comment les rapports de pouvoir et les normes patriarcales structurent les inégalités et violences de genre.

📖 3. Violence institutionnalisée et silenciation sociale des victimes

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Institutionalised violence : Or neglect perpetuated by formal institutions such as the police, NHS, or education system.
• Harm : Negative effects or damage resulting from violence or neglect, including those sustained through institutional actions or inactions.

📝 Points essentiels

• La violence institutionnalisée se manifeste par des préjudices ou négligences perpétués par des institutions formelles (police, NHS, éducation).
• La societal silencing peut être renforcée par des pratiques institutionnelles qui découragent la parole des victimes.

💡 À retenir

Les institutions formelles jouent un rôle central dans la perpétuation et le maintien du silence autour des violences de genre, en contribuant à la minimisation ou à l’ignorance des plaintes des victimes.

📖 4. Conséquences psychologiques, sociales et cycles de traumatisme liés aux violences de genre

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Cycle of abuse : A recurring pattern of abusive behaviour, often involving phases of tension, violence, and reconciliation.
• Psychosocial support : Assistance addressing both psychological and social needs of victims.
• Trauma-informed care : Support that acknowledges the impact of trauma and avoids causing further psychological harm.

📝 Points essentiels

• Le cycle of abuse décrit un schéma récurrent d’abus alternant tension, violence et réconciliation.
• Le trauma-informed care est une approche de soutien qui reconnaît l’impact du traumatisme et évite d’aggraver les souffrances psychologiques.

💡 À retenir

Les violences de genre ont des effets durables sur la santé mentale, soulignant l’importance d’un accompagnement adapté comme le trauma-informed care.

📖 5. Cadre législatif et recours judiciaires en matière de violences sexuelles et sexistes au Royaume-Uni

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Legislative framework : Body of laws and policies governing how SGBV is addressed and prosecuted in the UK.
• Judicial redress : Moyen légal permettant aux victimes d’obtenir réparation ou compensation par le biais du système judiciaire.
• Legal loopholes : Or ambiguities in the law that allow offenders to avoid accountability.
• Legal aid : Assistance financière fournie aux victimes incapables de supporter les frais liés à une représentation juridique.

📝 Points essentiels

• Le judicial redress permet aux victimes d’obtenir réparation ou compensation via le système judiciaire.
• Le legislative framework regroupe les lois et politiques encadrant la prise en charge et la poursuite des violences sexuelles et sexistes au Royaume-Uni.

💡 À retenir

Comprendre les outils légaux disponibles et leurs limites est crucial pour protéger et soutenir les victimes de violences sexuelles et sexistes au Royaume-Uni.

📖 6. Justice réparatrice et soins adaptés aux traumatismes

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Restorative justice : Approche centrée sur la réparation du préjudice, qui privilégie la guérison et la réconciliation entre victime et auteur plutôt que la seule punition. Elle vise à restaurer le tissu social en permettant un dialogue constructif et une responsabilisation mutuelle.

• Human Rights : Droits fondamentaux reconnus à toute personne, garantissant sa dignité et sa liberté, notamment par la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme. Ces droits assurent la protection contre les violations telles que la violence de genre.

• Rights : Privilèges ou libertés reconnus à une personne ou un groupe, permettant de défendre leur intégrité, leur liberté et leur égalité face à toute forme d’abus ou de discrimination.

📝 Points essentiels

• La justice réparatrice privilégie la guérison et la réconciliation entre victime et auteur plutôt que la seule punition. Elle met en avant l’importance d’un processus qui permet à la victime de s’exprimer, de comprendre et de se reconstruire, tout en responsabilisant l’auteur. Cette approche valorise la réparation du lien social et le bien-être global des victimes de violences de genre.

• Le trauma-informed care est essentiel pour éviter la re-traumatisation lors des soins et interventions. Il s’agit d’adopter une démarche sensible aux traumatismes, en tenant compte des effets durables des violences, pour garantir un accompagnement respectueux et adapté. Cela implique une formation spécifique des intervenants afin de prévenir toute aggravation du traumatisme lors des démarches de soutien.

• Le psychosocial support est indispensable pour répondre aux besoins complexes des victimes, au-delà du seul aspect médical. Il englobe un accompagnement global intégrant le soutien psychologique, social et juridique, afin de favoriser la résilience et la reconstruction personnelle. Ce soutien doit être adapté à la spécificité des violences de genre et à la situation de chaque victime.

💡 À retenir

La justice réparatrice, en valorisant la réparation et le bien-être global, constitue une approche centrée sur la personne, essentielle pour accompagner efficacement les victimes de violences de genre tout en respectant leurs droits fondamentaux.

📖 7. Intégration de la perspective de genre dans les politiques publiques

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Gender mainstreaming : Processus d’intégration systématique de la perspective de genre dans toutes les politiques et programmes afin de promouvoir l’égalité.
• Advocacy networks : Organisations ou coalitions qui promeuvent les droits des victimes et influencent les politiques publiques.
• Grassroots activism : Efforts menés par les communautés locales pour sensibiliser et défendre le changement social de manière ascendante.
• Empirical evidence : Or research findings used to support claims or inform policy decisions.

📝 Points essentiels

• Le gender mainstreaming consiste à intégrer systématiquement la perspective de genre dans toutes les politiques et programmes.
• L’empirical evidence est utilisée pour étayer les revendications et orienter les décisions politiques.

💡 À retenir

Le gender mainstreaming consiste à intégrer systématiquement la perspective de genre dans toutes les politiques et programmes.

📖 8. Principes et défis liés au relativisme culturel dans la lutte contre les violences de genre

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Cultural relativism : Idea that norms and values vary across cultures, which can complicate universal approaches to SGBV.
• Human Rights Act 1998 : Législation britannique qui intègre la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme dans le droit national, établissant un cadre juridique universel de protection.

📝 Points essentiels

• Le Human Rights Act 1998 incorpore la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme dans le droit britannique, posant un cadre universel de protection.
• Le cultural relativism souligne la diversité des normes culturelles, compliquant l’application universelle des normes contre les violences de genre.

💡 À retenir

Les tensions entre respect des différences culturelles et impératifs universels de lutte contre les violences doivent être explorées pour une approche équilibrée.

📖 9. Mécanismes de protection et protocoles de sauvegarde dans les services publics

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Safeguarding protocols : Formal procedures designed to protect vulnerable individuals from harm within public services.
• Statutory duty : A legal obligation imposed by legislation requiring institutions to protect victims and prevent violence.
• Accountability mechanisms : Structures that ensure institutions and perpetrators are held responsible for violations or failures.

📝 Points essentiels

• Les safeguarding protocols sont des procédures formelles visant à protéger les personnes vulnérables dans les services publics.
• Le statutory duty impose légalement aux institutions de protéger les victimes et prévenir les violences.

💡 À retenir

Les safeguarding protocols sont des procédures formelles visant à protéger les personnes vulnérables dans les services publics.

📖 10. Normes juridiques européennes et jurisprudence relative aux droits humains et violences de genre

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) : Cour internationale située à Strasbourg chargée de statuer sur les violations alléguées des droits garantis par la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme, notamment dans les affaires de violences de genre.

• Article 3 – Prohibition of torture : Disposition de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme qui interdit la torture ainsi que les traitements inhumains ou dégradants, applicable aux cas de violences de genre.

• Article 8 – Right to private life : Article protégeant l’autonomie personnelle, la vie privée et la dignité, souvent invoqué dans les affaires de violences sexuelles ou de violations du droit à la vie privée.

• Article 14 – Non-discrimination : Clause interdisant toute discrimination, notamment sur le fondement du sexe ou du genre, dans l’exercice ou la protection des droits garantis par la Convention.

• Case law precedent : Décisions judiciaires antérieures qui établissent des principes juridiques contraignants, servant de référence pour les affaires ultérieures relatives aux droits humains et violences de genre.

📝 Points essentiels

• L’ECtHR intervient pour juger des violations présumées des droits garantis par la Convention européenne, notamment en matière de violences de genre. L’article 3 interdit explicitement la torture et les traitements inhumains ou dégradants, ce qui inclut les violences graves ou systématiques, comme celles liées aux violences de genre. La jurisprudence de la Cour précise que ces traitements doivent être considérés dans leur contexte, notamment lorsqu’ils concernent des violences sexuelles ou physiques.

• L’article 8 garantit la protection de la vie privée, de la dignité et de l’autonomie personnelle. Il est fréquemment invoqué dans les affaires où des violences sexuelles ou des atteintes à l’intégrité physique ou morale ont été commises. La Cour examine si l’État a pris les mesures nécessaires pour protéger ces droits, notamment en matière de prévention ou de poursuite des violences.

• L’article 14 interdit toute discrimination, y compris en raison du sexe ou du genre, dans l’accès aux droits ou dans leur exercice. La jurisprudence insiste sur l’obligation des États de garantir une égalité effective, notamment dans le contexte des violences de genre, où des discriminations peuvent aggraver la situation des victimes.

• Les décisions de la Cour, notamment celles qui font office de précédent, établissent des principes juridiques contraignants. Ces principes orientent la responsabilité des États et la manière dont ils doivent agir pour prévenir, sanctionner et réparer les violences de genre, en respectant les droits fondamentaux.

💡 À retenir

Le droit européen, par l’intermédiaire de la jurisprudence de l’ECtHR, façonne la protection des victimes de violences de genre en imposant aux États des obligations concrètes de prévention, de protection et de réparation, en s’appuyant notamment sur l’interdiction de torture, le droit au privé et la non-discrimination.

📖 11. Fonctionnement du système judiciaire britannique et mécanismes d’accès à la justice pour les victimes

🔑 Notions clés & Définitions

• Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) : L'autorité publique chargée de poursuivre les infractions pénales en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles.
• Burden of proof : Obligation to prove allegations in court, usually resting on the prosecution.
• Standard of proof : Level of certainty required in legal proceedings (e.
• Judicial independence : Principle that judges must be free from external pressures when making decisions.

📝 Points essentiels

• Le Crown Prosecution Service est chargé de poursuivre les infractions pénales en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles.
• Le due process garantit le respect des droits légaux des individus tout au long de la procédure judiciaire.
• La judicial independence assure que les juges prennent leurs décisions sans pressions extérieures.

💡 À retenir

Les garanties procédurales et les acteurs clés, tels que le CPS et le principe d’indépendance judiciaire, assurent un accès équitable à la justice pour les victimes.

🧩 Compléments de couverture

1. Détail source à réviser : / Expression British English Definition / Explanation Gender-based oppression Systematic discrimination or mistreatment based on gender, often embedded in societal norms. Patriarchal structures Social systems dominated b (Source: "/ Expression British English Definition / Explanation Gender-based oppression Systematic discrimination or mistreatment based on gender, often embedded in societal norms. Patriarchal structures Social systems dominated by male authority, influencing laws, culture, and institutions. Institutionalised violence Harm or neglect perpetuated by formal")
2. Détail source à réviser : British English Definition / Explanation Gender-based oppression Systematic discrimination or mistreatment based on gender, often embedded in societal norms. Patriarchal structures Social systems dominated by male author (Source: "British English Definition / Explanation Gender-based oppression Systematic discrimination or mistreatment based on gender, often embedded in societal norms. Patriarchal structures Social systems dominated by male authority, influencing laws, culture, and institutions. Institutionalised violence Harm or neglect perpetuated by formal institutions such as")
3. Détail source à réviser : based on gender, often embedded in societal norms. Patriarchal structures Social systems dominated by male authority, influencing laws, culture, and institutions. Institutionalised violence Harm or neglect perpetuated by (Source: "based on gender, often embedded in societal norms. Patriarchal structures Social systems dominated by male authority, influencing laws, culture, and institutions. Institutionalised violence Harm or neglect perpetuated by formal institutions such as the police, NHS, or education system. Victim-blaming Assigning responsibility to the victim for the")
4. Détail source à réviser : male authority, influencing laws, culture, and institutions. Institutionalised violence Harm or neglect perpetuated by formal institutions such as the police, NHS, or education system. Victim-blaming Assigning responsibi (Source: "male authority, influencing laws, culture, and institutions. Institutionalised violence Harm or neglect perpetuated by formal institutions such as the police, NHS, or education system. Victim-blaming Assigning responsibility to the victim for the violence they experienced, reinforcing stigma. Re-traumatisation Emotional distress caused by reliving a")
5. Détail source à réviser : perpetuated by formal institutions such as the police, NHS, or education system. Victim-blaming Assigning responsibility to the victim for the violence they experienced, reinforcing stigma. Re-traumatisation Emotional di (Source: "perpetuated by formal institutions such as the police, NHS, or education system. Victim-blaming Assigning responsibility to the victim for the violence they experienced, reinforcing stigma. Re-traumatisation Emotional distress caused by reliving a traumatic event, often during legal or medical procedures. Under-reporting The tendency for many cases of")
6. Détail source à réviser : responsibility to the victim for the violence they experienced, reinforcing stigma. Re-traumatisation Emotional distress caused by reliving a traumatic event, often during legal or medical procedures. Under-reporting The (Source: "responsibility to the victim for the violence they experienced, reinforcing stigma. Re-traumatisation Emotional distress caused by reliving a traumatic event, often during legal or medical procedures. Under-reporting The tendency for many cases of violence to go unreported due to fear, shame, or mistrust. Societal silencing Cultural or institutional")
7. Détail source à réviser : distress caused by reliving a traumatic event, often during legal or medical procedures. Under-reporting The tendency for many cases of violence to go unreported due to fear, shame, or mistrust. Societal silencing Cultur (Source: "distress caused by reliving a traumatic event, often during legal or medical procedures. Under-reporting The tendency for many cases of violence to go unreported due to fear, shame, or mistrust. Societal silencing Cultural or institutional pressures that discourage victims from speaking out. Intersectional vulnerability Increased risk of violence")
8. Détail source à réviser : The tendency for many cases of violence to go unreported due to fear, shame, or mistrust. Societal silencing Cultural or institutional pressures that discourage victims from speaking out. Intersectional vulnerability Inc (Source: "The tendency for many cases of violence to go unreported due to fear, shame, or mistrust. Societal silencing Cultural or institutional pressures that discourage victims from speaking out. Intersectional vulnerability Increased risk of violence due to overlapping identities (e.g. gender, ethnicity, disability). Legislative framework The body of laws")
9. Détail source à réviser : silencing Cultural or institutional pressures that discourage victims from speaking out. Intersectional vulnerability Increased risk of violence due to overlapping identities (e.g. gender, ethnicity, disability). Legisla (Source: "silencing Cultural or institutional pressures that discourage victims from speaking out. Intersectional vulnerability Increased risk of violence due to overlapping identities (e.g. gender, ethnicity, disability). Legislative framework The body of laws and policies governing how SGBV is addressed and prosecuted in the UK. Judicial redress Legal remedy or")
10. Détail source à réviser : vulnerability Increased risk of violence due to overlapping identities (e.g. gender, ethnicity, disability). Legislative framework The body of laws and policies governing how SGBV is addressed and prosecuted in the UK. J (Source: "vulnerability Increased risk of violence due to overlapping identities (e.g. gender, ethnicity, disability). Legislative framework The body of laws and policies governing how SGBV is addressed and prosecuted in the UK. Judicial redress Legal remedy or compensation provided to victims through the justice system. Restorative justice An approach focused on")
11. Détail source à réviser : Legislative framework The body of laws and policies governing how SGBV is addressed and prosecuted in the UK. Judicial redress Legal remedy or compensation provided to victims through the justice system. Restorative just (Source: "Legislative framework The body of laws and policies governing how SGBV is addressed and prosecuted in the UK. Judicial redress Legal remedy or compensation provided to victims through the justice system. Restorative justice An approach focused on healing and reconciliation between victim and offender, rather than punishment. Trauma-informed care")
12. Détail source à réviser : the UK. Judicial redress Legal remedy or compensation provided to victims through the justice system. Restorative justice An approach focused on healing and reconciliation between victim and offender, rather than punishm (Source: "the UK. Judicial redress Legal remedy or compensation provided to victims through the justice system. Restorative justice An approach focused on healing and reconciliation between victim and offender, rather than punishment. Trauma-informed care Support that acknowledges the impact of trauma and avoids causing further psychological harm. Psychosocial")
13. Détail source à réviser : justice An approach focused on healing and reconciliation between victim and offender, rather than punishment. Trauma-informed care Support that acknowledges the impact of trauma and avoids causing further psychological (Source: "justice An approach focused on healing and reconciliation between victim and offender, rather than punishment. Trauma-informed care Support that acknowledges the impact of trauma and avoids causing further psychological harm. Psychosocial support Assistance addressing both psychological and social needs of victims. Grassroots activism")
14. Détail source à réviser : than punishment. Trauma-informed care Support that acknowledges the impact of trauma and avoids causing further psychological harm. Psychosocial support Assistance addressing both psychological and social needs of victim (Source: "than punishment. Trauma-informed care Support that acknowledges the impact of trauma and avoids causing further psychological harm. Psychosocial support Assistance addressing both psychological and social needs of victims. Grassroots activism Community-led efforts to raise awareness and advocate for change from the bottom up. Gender mainstreaming")
15. Détail source à réviser : psychological harm. Psychosocial support Assistance addressing both psychological and social needs of victims. Grassroots activism Community-led efforts to raise awareness and advocate for change from the bottom up. Gend (Source: "psychological harm. Psychosocial support Assistance addressing both psychological and social needs of victims. Grassroots activism Community-led efforts to raise awareness and advocate for change from the bottom up. Gender mainstreaming Integrating gender perspectives into all policies and programmes to promote equality. Empirical evidence Data or")
16. Détail source à réviser : of victims. Grassroots activism Community-led efforts to raise awareness and advocate for change from the bottom up. Gender mainstreaming Integrating gender perspectives into all policies and programmes to promote equali (Source: "of victims. Grassroots activism Community-led efforts to raise awareness and advocate for change from the bottom up. Gender mainstreaming Integrating gender perspectives into all policies and programmes to promote equality. Empirical evidence Data or research findings used to support claims or inform policy decisions. Cultural relativism The idea that")
17. Détail source à réviser : bottom up. Gender mainstreaming Integrating gender perspectives into all policies and programmes to promote equality. Empirical evidence Data or research findings used to support claims or inform policy decisions. Cultur (Source: "bottom up. Gender mainstreaming Integrating gender perspectives into all policies and programmes to promote equality. Empirical evidence Data or research findings used to support claims or inform policy decisions. Cultural relativism The idea that norms and values vary across cultures, which can complicate universal approaches to SGBV. Safeguarding")
18. Détail source à réviser : equality. Empirical evidence Data or research findings used to support claims or inform policy decisions. Cultural relativism The idea that norms and values vary across cultures, which can complicate universal approaches (Source: "equality. Empirical evidence Data or research findings used to support claims or inform policy decisions. Cultural relativism The idea that norms and values vary across cultures, which can complicate universal approaches to SGBV. Safeguarding protocols Formal procedures to protect vulnerable individuals from harm, especially in public services. Power")
19. Détail source à réviser : Cultural relativism The idea that norms and values vary across cultures, which can complicate universal approaches to SGBV. Safeguarding protocols Formal procedures to protect vulnerable individuals from harm, especially (Source: "Cultural relativism The idea that norms and values vary across cultures, which can complicate universal approaches to SGBV. Safeguarding protocols Formal procedures to protect vulnerable individuals from harm, especially in public services. Power dynamics The way power is distributed and exercised in relationships or institutions. Cycle of abuse A")
20. Détail source à réviser : approaches to SGBV. Safeguarding protocols Formal procedures to protect vulnerable individuals from harm, especially in public services. Power dynamics The way power is distributed and exercised in relationships or insti (Source: "approaches to SGBV. Safeguarding protocols Formal procedures to protect vulnerable individuals from harm, especially in public services. Power dynamics The way power is distributed and exercised in relationships or institutions. Cycle of abuse A recurring pattern of abusive behaviour, often involving phases of tension, violence, and reconciliation.")
21. Détail source à réviser : especially in public services. Power dynamics The way power is distributed and exercised in relationships or institutions. Cycle of abuse A recurring pattern of abusive behaviour, often involving phases of tension, viole (Source: "especially in public services. Power dynamics The way power is distributed and exercised in relationships or institutions. Cycle of abuse A recurring pattern of abusive behaviour, often involving phases of tension, violence, and reconciliation. Gendered expectations Social norms prescribing specific roles or behaviours based on gender. Marginalised")
22. Détail source à réviser : or institutions. Cycle of abuse A recurring pattern of abusive behaviour, often involving phases of tension, violence, and reconciliation. Gendered expectations Social norms prescribing specific roles or behaviours based (Source: "or institutions. Cycle of abuse A recurring pattern of abusive behaviour, often involving phases of tension, violence, and reconciliation. Gendered expectations Social norms prescribing specific roles or behaviours based on gender. Marginalised communities Groups excluded from mainstream social, economic, or political life, often more vulnerable to")
23. Détail source à réviser : tension, violence, and reconciliation. Gendered expectations Social norms prescribing specific roles or behaviours based on gender. Marginalised communities Groups excluded from mainstream social, economic, or political (Source: "tension, violence, and reconciliation. Gendered expectations Social norms prescribing specific roles or behaviours based on gender. Marginalised communities Groups excluded from mainstream social, economic, or political life, often more vulnerable to SGBV. Advocacy networks Organisations or coalitions that promote victims’ rights and influence public")
24. Détail source à réviser : behaviours based on gender. Marginalised communities Groups excluded from mainstream social, economic, or political life, often more vulnerable to SGBV. Advocacy networks Organisations or coalitions that promote victims’ (Source: "behaviours based on gender. Marginalised communities Groups excluded from mainstream social, economic, or political life, often more vulnerable to SGBV. Advocacy networks Organisations or coalitions that promote victims’ rights and influence public policy. Public discourse The way issues are discussed in society, including in media, politics, and education.")
25. Détail source à réviser : political life, often more vulnerable to SGBV. Advocacy networks Organisations or coalitions that promote victims’ rights and influence public policy. Public discourse The way issues are discussed in society, including i (Source: "political life, often more vulnerable to SGBV. Advocacy networks Organisations or coalitions that promote victims’ rights and influence public policy. Public discourse The way issues are discussed in society, including in media, politics, and education. Legal loopholes Gaps or ambiguities in the law that allow offenders to avoid accountability. Human")
26. Détail source à réviser : victims’ rights and influence public policy. Public discourse The way issues are discussed in society, including in media, politics, and education. Legal loopholes Gaps or ambiguities in the law that allow offenders to a (Source: "victims’ rights and influence public policy. Public discourse The way issues are discussed in society, including in media, politics, and education. Legal loopholes Gaps or ambiguities in the law that allow offenders to avoid accountability. Human Rights Act 1998 UK legislation that incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights into domestic law.")
27. Détail source à réviser : including in media, politics, and education. Legal loopholes Gaps or ambiguities in the law that allow offenders to avoid accountability. Human Rights Act 1998 UK legislation that incorporates the European Convention on (Source: "including in media, politics, and education. Legal loopholes Gaps or ambiguities in the law that allow offenders to avoid accountability. Human Rights Act 1998 UK legislation that incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights into domestic law. Article 3 – Prohibition of torture ECHR provision guaranteeing freedom from torture and inhuman or")
28. Détail source à réviser : to avoid accountability. Human Rights Act 1998 UK legislation that incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights into domestic law. Article 3 – Prohibition of torture ECHR provision guaranteeing freedom from tortu (Source: "to avoid accountability. Human Rights Act 1998 UK legislation that incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights into domestic law. Article 3 – Prohibition of torture ECHR provision guaranteeing freedom from torture and inhuman or degrading treatment, relevant to SGBV cases. Article 8 – Right to private life ECHR provision protecting personal")
29. Détail source à réviser : on Human Rights into domestic law. Article 3 – Prohibition of torture ECHR provision guaranteeing freedom from torture and inhuman or degrading treatment, relevant to SGBV cases. Article 8 – Right to private life ECHR pr (Source: "on Human Rights into domestic law. Article 3 – Prohibition of torture ECHR provision guaranteeing freedom from torture and inhuman or degrading treatment, relevant to SGBV cases. Article 8 – Right to private life ECHR provision protecting personal autonomy, privacy, and dignity, often invoked in SGBV cases. Article 14 – Non-discrimination ECHR")
30. Détail source à réviser : freedom from torture and inhuman or degrading treatment, relevant to SGBV cases. Article 8 – Right to private life ECHR provision protecting personal autonomy, privacy, and dignity, often invoked in SGBV cases. Article 1 (Source: "freedom from torture and inhuman or degrading treatment, relevant to SGBV cases. Article 8 – Right to private life ECHR provision protecting personal autonomy, privacy, and dignity, often invoked in SGBV cases. Article 14 – Non-discrimination ECHR provision prohibiting discrimination, including on grounds of sex or gender. Case law precedent Previous")
31. Détail source à réviser : life ECHR provision protecting personal autonomy, privacy, and dignity, often invoked in SGBV cases. Article 14 – Non-discrimination ECHR provision prohibiting discrimination, including on grounds of sex or gender. Case (Source: "life ECHR provision protecting personal autonomy, privacy, and dignity, often invoked in SGBV cases. Article 14 – Non-discrimination ECHR provision prohibiting discrimination, including on grounds of sex or gender. Case law precedent Previous judicial decisions that establish legal principles applied in later cases. Judicial review A process by which")
32. Détail source à réviser : Article 14 – Non-discrimination ECHR provision prohibiting discrimination, including on grounds of sex or gender. Case law precedent Previous judicial decisions that establish legal principles applied in later cases. Jud (Source: "Article 14 – Non-discrimination ECHR provision prohibiting discrimination, including on grounds of sex or gender. Case law precedent Previous judicial decisions that establish legal principles applied in later cases. Judicial review A process by which courts examine whether public authorities have acted lawfully. Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) The public")
33. Détail source à réviser : gender. Case law precedent Previous judicial decisions that establish legal principles applied in later cases. Judicial review A process by which courts examine whether public authorities have acted lawfully. Crown Prose (Source: "gender. Case law precedent Previous judicial decisions that establish legal principles applied in later cases. Judicial review A process by which courts examine whether public authorities have acted lawfully. Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) The public authority responsible for prosecuting criminal cases in England and Wales. Burden of proof The obligation")
34. Détail source à réviser : cases. Judicial review A process by which courts examine whether public authorities have acted lawfully. Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) The public authority responsible for prosecuting criminal cases in England and Wale (Source: "cases. Judicial review A process by which courts examine whether public authorities have acted lawfully. Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) The public authority responsible for prosecuting criminal cases in England and Wales. Burden of proof The obligation to prove allegations in court, usually resting on the prosecution. Standard of proof The level of")
35. Détail source à réviser : Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) The public authority responsible for prosecuting criminal cases in England and Wales. Burden of proof The obligation to prove allegations in court, usually resting on the prosecution. Stan (Source: "Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) The public authority responsible for prosecuting criminal cases in England and Wales. Burden of proof The obligation to prove allegations in court, usually resting on the prosecution. Standard of proof The level of certainty required in legal proceedings (e.g. “beyond reasonable doubt” in criminal law). Due process The legal")
36. Détail source à réviser : and Wales. Burden of proof The obligation to prove allegations in court, usually resting on the prosecution. Standard of proof The level of certainty required in legal proceedings (e.g. “beyond reasonable doubt” in crimi (Source: "and Wales. Burden of proof The obligation to prove allegations in court, usually resting on the prosecution. Standard of proof The level of certainty required in legal proceedings (e.g. “beyond reasonable doubt” in criminal law). Due process The legal requirement that the state must respect all rights owed to individuals. Judicial independence The")
37. Détail source à réviser : Standard of proof The level of certainty required in legal proceedings (e.g. “beyond reasonable doubt” in criminal law). Due process The legal requirement that the state must respect all rights owed to individuals. Judic (Source: "Standard of proof The level of certainty required in legal proceedings (e.g. “beyond reasonable doubt” in criminal law). Due process The legal requirement that the state must respect all rights owed to individuals. Judicial independence The principle that judges must be free from external pressures when making decisions. Legal aid Financial assistance")
38. Détail source à réviser : in criminal law). Due process The legal requirement that the state must respect all rights owed to individuals. Judicial independence The principle that judges must be free from external pressures when making decisions. (Source: "in criminal law). Due process The legal requirement that the state must respect all rights owed to individuals. Judicial independence The principle that judges must be free from external pressures when making decisions. Legal aid Financial assistance provided to individuals who cannot afford legal representation. Statutory duty A legal obligation")
39. Détail source à réviser : Judicial independence The principle that judges must be free from external pressures when making decisions. Legal aid Financial assistance provided to individuals who cannot afford legal representation. Statutory duty A (Source: "Judicial independence The principle that judges must be free from external pressures when making decisions. Legal aid Financial assistance provided to individuals who cannot afford legal representation. Statutory duty A legal obligation imposed by legislation, such as safeguarding responsibilities. Case precedent (leading cases) Landmark judicial")
40. Détail source à réviser : decisions. Legal aid Financial assistance provided to individuals who cannot afford legal representation. Statutory duty A legal obligation imposed by legislation, such as safeguarding responsibilities. Case precedent (l (Source: "decisions. Legal aid Financial assistance provided to individuals who cannot afford legal representation. Statutory duty A legal obligation imposed by legislation, such as safeguarding responsibilities. Case precedent (leading cases) Landmark judicial decisions that shape the interpretation of law in SGBV contexts. European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)")
41. Détail source à réviser : Statutory duty A legal obligation imposed by legislation, such as safeguarding responsibilities. Case precedent (leading cases) Landmark judicial decisions that shape the interpretation of law in SGBV contexts. European (Source: "Statutory duty A legal obligation imposed by legislation, such as safeguarding responsibilities. Case precedent (leading cases) Landmark judicial decisions that shape the interpretation of law in SGBV contexts. European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) International court in Strasbourg that hears cases on alleged violations of the ECHR. Domestic remedies")
42. Détail source à réviser : precedent (leading cases) Landmark judicial decisions that shape the interpretation of law in SGBV contexts. European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) International court in Strasbourg that hears cases on alleged violations (Source: "precedent (leading cases) Landmark judicial decisions that shape the interpretation of law in SGBV contexts. European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) International court in Strasbourg that hears cases on alleged violations of the ECHR. Domestic remedies Legal options available within the UK before appealing to the ECtHR. Proportionality test A legal")
43. Détail source à réviser : European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) International court in Strasbourg that hears cases on alleged violations of the ECHR. Domestic remedies Legal options available within the UK before appealing to the ECtHR. Proporti (Source: "European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) International court in Strasbourg that hears cases on alleged violations of the ECHR. Domestic remedies Legal options available within the UK before appealing to the ECtHR. Proportionality test A legal principle used to assess whether state actions interfering with rights are justified. Accountability mechanisms")
44. Détail source à réviser : violations of the ECHR. Domestic remedies Legal options available within the UK before appealing to the ECtHR. Proportionality test A legal principle used to assess whether state actions interfering with rights are justi (Source: "violations of the ECHR. Domestic remedies Legal options available within the UK before appealing to the ECtHR. Proportionality test A legal principle used to assess whether state actions interfering with rights are justified. Accountability mechanisms Structures ensuring that institutions and perpetrators are held responsible for violations. Rule of law")
45. Détail source à réviser : ECtHR. Proportionality test A legal principle used to assess whether state actions interfering with rights are justified. Accountability mechanisms Structures ensuring that institutions and perpetrators are held responsi (Source: "ECtHR. Proportionality test A legal principle used to assess whether state actions interfering with rights are justified. Accountability mechanisms Structures ensuring that institutions and perpetrators are held responsible for violations. Rule of law The principle that everyone, including the state, is subject to the law. Judicial interpretation The way")
46. Détail source à réviser : are justified. Accountability mechanisms Structures ensuring that institutions and perpetrators are held responsible for violations. Rule of law The principle that everyone, including the state, is subject to the law. Ju (Source: "are justified. Accountability mechanisms Structures ensuring that institutions and perpetrators are held responsible for violations. Rule of law The principle that everyone, including the state, is subject to the law. Judicial interpretation The way courts explain and apply legislation and human rights provisions. Legal advocacy The practice of")
47. Détail source à réviser : ensuring that institutions and perpetrators are held responsible for violations. Rule of law The principle that everyone, including the state, is subject to the law. Judicial interpretation The way courts explain and app (Source: "ensuring that institutions and perpetrators are held responsible for violations. Rule of law The principle that everyone, including the state, is subject to the law. Judicial interpretation The way courts explain and apply legislation and human rights provisions. Legal advocacy The practice of representing or supporting victims in legal")
48. Détail source à réviser : Term / Expression British English Definition / Explanation Gender-based oppression Systematic discrimination or mistreatment based on gender, often embedded in societal norms (Source: "Term / Expression British English Definition / Explanation Gender-based oppression Systematic discrimination or mistreatment based on gender, often embedded in societal norms")
49. Détail source à réviser : Harm or neglect perpetuated by formal institutions such as the police, NHS, or education system. (Source: "Harm or neglect perpetuated by formal institutions such as the police, NHS, or education system.")
50. Détail source à réviser : Re-traumatisation Emotional distress caused by reliving a traumatic event, often during legal or medical procedures (Source: "Re-traumatisation Emotional distress caused by reliving a traumatic event, often during legal or medical procedures")
51. Détail source à réviser : Under-reporting The tendency for many cases of violence to go unreported due to fear, shame, or mistrust (Source: "Under-reporting The tendency for many cases of violence to go unreported due to fear, shame, or mistrust")
52. Détail source à réviser : nicity, disability). Legislative framework The body of laws and policies governing how SGBV is addressed and prosecuted in the UK. Judicial redress Legal (Source: "nicity, disability). Legislative framework The body of laws and policies governing how SGBV is addressed and prosecuted in the UK. Judicial redress Legal")
53. Détail source à réviser : ffender, rather than punishment. Trauma-informed care Support that acknowledges the impact of trauma and avoids causing further psychological harm. (Source: "ffender, rather than punishment. Trauma-informed care Support that acknowledges the impact of trauma and avoids causing further psychological harm.")
54. Détail source à réviser : Grassroots activism Community-led efforts to raise awareness and advocate for change from the bottom up (Source: "Grassroots activism Community-led efforts to raise awareness and advocate for change from the bottom up")
55. Détail source à réviser : omplicate universal approaches to SGBV. Safeguarding protocols Formal procedures to protect vulnerable individuals from harm, especially in public (Source: "omplicate universal approaches to SGBV. Safeguarding protocols Formal procedures to protect vulnerable individuals from harm, especially in public")
56. Détail source à réviser : Power dynamics The way power is distributed and exercised in relationships or institutions. (Source: "Power dynamics The way power is distributed and exercised in relationships or institutions.")
57. Détail source à réviser : Gendered expectations Social norms prescribing specific roles or behaviours based on gender. (Source: "Gendered expectations Social norms prescribing specific roles or behaviours based on gender.")
58. Détail source à réviser : ised communities Groups excluded from mainstream social, economic, or political life, often more vulnerable to SGBV. (Source: "ised communities Groups excluded from mainstream social, economic, or political life, often more vulnerable to SGBV.")
59. Détail source à réviser : cation. Legal loopholes Gaps or ambiguities in the law that allow offenders to avoid accountability. Human Rights Act 1998 UK legislation that incorporates (Source: "cation. Legal loopholes Gaps or ambiguities in the law that allow offenders to avoid accountability. Human Rights Act 1998 UK legislation that incorporates")
60. Détail source à réviser : 1998 UK legislation that incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights into domestic law (Source: "1998 UK legislation that incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights into domestic law")
61. Détail source à réviser : Article 8 – Right to private life ECHR provision protecting personal autonomy, privacy, and dignity, often invoked in SGBV cases (Source: "Article 8 – Right to private life ECHR provision protecting personal autonomy, privacy, and dignity, often invoked in SGBV cases")
62. Détail source à réviser : Article 14 – Non-discrimination ECHR provision prohibiting discrimination, including on grounds of sex or gender (Source: "Article 14 – Non-discrimination ECHR provision prohibiting discrimination, including on grounds of sex or gender")
63. Détail source à réviser : acted lawfully. Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) The public authority responsible for prosecuting criminal cases in England and Wales. Burden of proof The (Source: "acted lawfully. Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) The public authority responsible for prosecuting criminal cases in England and Wales. Burden of proof The")
64. Détail source à réviser : prosecution. Standard of proof The level of certainty required in legal proceedings (e.g. “beyond reasonable doubt” in criminal law). Due process The legal requirement that the state must respect all rights owed to indiv (Source: "prosecution. Standard of proof The level of certainty required in legal proceedings (e.g. “beyond reasonable doubt” in criminal law). Due process The legal requirement that the state must respect all rights owed to individuals. Judicial independence The principle that judges")
65. Détail source à réviser : d reasonable doubt” in criminal law). Due process The legal requirement that the state must respect all rights owed to individuals. Judicial independence (Source: "d reasonable doubt” in criminal law). Due process The legal requirement that the state must respect all rights owed to individuals. Judicial independence")
66. Détail source à réviser : gal representation. Statutory duty A legal obligation imposed by legislation, such as safeguarding responsibilities. Case precedent (leading cases) Landmark (Source: "gal representation. Statutory duty A legal obligation imposed by legislation, such as safeguarding responsibilities. Case precedent (leading cases) Landmark")
67. Détail source à réviser : cases on alleged violations of the ECHR. Domestic remedies Legal options available within the UK before appealing to the ECtHR. Proportionality test A legal (Source: "cases on alleged violations of the ECHR. Domestic remedies Legal options available within the UK before appealing to the ECtHR. Proportionality test A legal")
68. Détail source à réviser : rinciple used to assess whether state actions interfering with rights are justified. (Source: "rinciple used to assess whether state actions interfering with rights are justified.")
69. Détail source à réviser : etrators are held responsible for violations. Rule of law The principle that everyone, including the state, is subject to the law. Judicial interpretation (Source: "etrators are held responsible for violations. Rule of law The principle that everyone, including the state, is subject to the law. Judicial interpretation")
70. Détail source à réviser : Judicial interpretation The way courts explain and apply legislation and human rights provisions. (Source: "Judicial interpretation The way courts explain and apply legislation and human rights provisions.")
71. Détail source à réviser : Human Rights Act 1998 UK legislation that incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights into domestic law (Source: "Human Rights Act 1998 UK legislation that incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights into domestic law")
72. Détail source à réviser : Article 3 – Prohibition of torture ECHR provision guaranteeing freedom from torture and inhuman or degrading treatment, relevant to SGBV cases (Source: "Article 3 – Prohibition of torture ECHR provision guaranteeing freedom from torture and inhuman or degrading treatment, relevant to SGBV cases")
73. Détail source à réviser : Term / Expression British English Definition / Explanation Gender-based oppression Systematic discrimination or mistreatment based on gender, often (Source: "Term / Expression British English Definition / Explanation Gender-based oppression Systematic discrimination or mistreatment based on gender, often")
74. Détail source à réviser : edures. Under-reporting The tendency for many cases of violence to go unreported due to fear, shame, or mistrust. Societal silencing Cultural or (Source: "edures. Under-reporting The tendency for many cases of violence to go unreported due to fear, shame, or mistrust. Societal silencing Cultural or")
75. Détail source à réviser : egrading treatment, relevant to SGBV cases. Article 8 – Right to private life ECHR provision protecting personal autonomy, privacy, and dignity, often (Source: "egrading treatment, relevant to SGBV cases. Article 8 – Right to private life ECHR provision protecting personal autonomy, privacy, and dignity, often")
76. Détail source à réviser : d in SGBV cases. Article 14 – Non-discrimination ECHR provision prohibiting discrimination, including on grounds of sex or gender. Case law precedent (Source: "d in SGBV cases. Article 14 – Non-discrimination ECHR provision prohibiting discrimination, including on grounds of sex or gender. Case law precedent")
77. Détail source à réviser : Case precedent (leading cases) Landmark judicial decisions that shape the interpretation of law in SGBV contexts. (Source: "Case precedent (leading cases) Landmark judicial decisions that shape the interpretation of law in SGBV contexts.")
78. Détail source à réviser : European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) International court in Strasbourg that hears cases on alleged violations of the ECHR. (Source: "European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) International court in Strasbourg that hears cases on alleged violations of the ECHR.")
79. Détail source à réviser : Domestic remedies Legal options available within the UK before appealing to the ECtHR. (Source: "Domestic remedies Legal options available within the UK before appealing to the ECtHR.")
80. Détail source à réviser : Proportionality test A legal principle used to assess whether state actions interfering with rights are justified. (Source: "Proportionality test A legal principle used to assess whether state actions interfering with rights are justified.")
81. Détail source à réviser : Accountability mechanisms Structures ensuring that institutions and perpetrators are held responsible for violations. (Source: "Accountability mechanisms Structures ensuring that institutions and perpetrators are held responsible for violations.")
82. Détail source à réviser : Rule of law The principle that everyone, including the state, is subject to the law. (Source: "Rule of law The principle that everyone, including the state, is subject to the law.")
83. Détail source à réviser : Legal advocacy The practice of representing or supporting victims in legal proceedings. (Source: "Legal advocacy The practice of representing or supporting victims in legal proceedings.")
84. Détail source à réviser : udicial decisions that shape the interpretation of law in SGBV contexts. (Source: "udicial decisions that shape the interpretation of law in SGBV contexts.")
85. Détail source à réviser : way courts explain and apply legislation and human rights provisions. (Source: "way courts explain and apply legislation and human rights provisions.")
86. Détail source à réviser : in societal norms. Patriarchal structures Social systems dominated by male authority, influencing laws, culture, and institutions. Institutionalised (Source: "in societal norms. Patriarchal structures Social systems dominated by male authority, influencing laws, culture, and institutions. Institutionalised")
87. Détail source à réviser : r change from the bottom up. Gender mainstreaming Integrating gender perspectives into all policies and programmes to promote equality. Empirical evidence (Source: "r change from the bottom up. Gender mainstreaming Integrating gender perspectives into all policies and programmes to promote equality. Empirical evidence")
88. Détail source à réviser : Advocacy networks Organisations or coalitions that promote victims’ rights and influence public policy. (Source: "Advocacy networks Organisations or coalitions that promote victims’ rights and influence public policy.")
89. Détail source à réviser : Patriarchal structures Social systems dominated by male authority, influencing laws, culture, and institutions. (Source: "Patriarchal structures Social systems dominated by male authority, influencing laws, culture, and institutions.")
90. Détail source à réviser : Institutionalised violence Harm or neglect perpetuated by formal institutions such as the police, NHS, or education system. (Source: "Institutionalised violence Harm or neglect perpetuated by formal institutions such as the police, NHS, or education system.")
91. Détail source à réviser : Intersectional vulnerability Increased risk of violence due to overlapping identities (e. (Source: "Intersectional vulnerability Increased risk of violence due to overlapping identities (e.")
92. Détail source à réviser : Legislative framework The body of laws and policies governing how SGBV is addressed and prosecuted in the UK. (Source: "Legislative framework The body of laws and policies governing how SGBV is addressed and prosecuted in the UK.")
93. Détail source à réviser : Judicial redress Legal remedy or compensation provided to victims through the justice system. (Source: "Judicial redress Legal remedy or compensation provided to victims through the justice system.")
94. Détail source à réviser : Restorative justice An approach focused on healing and reconciliation between victim and offender, rather than punishment. (Source: "Restorative justice An approach focused on healing and reconciliation between victim and offender, rather than punishment.")
95. Détail source à réviser : Gender mainstreaming Integrating gender perspectives into all policies and programmes to promote equality. (Source: "Gender mainstreaming Integrating gender perspectives into all policies and programmes to promote equality.")
96. Détail source à réviser : Empirical evidence Data or research findings used to support claims or inform policy decisions. (Source: "Empirical evidence Data or research findings used to support claims or inform policy decisions.")

📊 Tableaux de Synthèse

Legal Frameworks and Protections

Legal Tool	Description
Judicial redress	Allows victims to seek compensation through the justice system
Legislative framework	Laws and policies governing SGBV in the UK
Legal loopholes	Ambiguities allowing offenders to evade accountability
Legal aid	Financial assistance for victims unable to afford legal representation

European Norms and Jurisprudence

Legal Instrument	Application
European Court of Human Rights	Handles violations of rights related to gender-based violence
Article 3	Prohibits torture and inhumane treatment
Article 8	Protects private life and dignity
CPS	Prosecutes criminal offenses in England and Wales

⚠️ Pièges & Confusions Fréquentes

1. Confusing gender-based oppression with general discrimination.
2. Overlooking intersectionality in vulnerability analysis.
3. Misinterpreting the scope of legal loopholes.
4. Ignoring the cultural relativism debate in justice approaches.
5. Underestimating the impact of institutionalised violence.
6. Confusing restorative justice with punitive justice.
7. Neglecting the role of advocacy networks in policy change.

✅ Checklist Examen

1. Identify the main mechanisms of oppression.
2. Understand the structure of patriarchal systems.
3. Review the legal protections available in the UK.
4. Analyze the role of European jurisprudence.
5. Differentiate between types of violence (institutional, societal, interpersonal).
6. Assess the principles of restorative justice.
7. Examine the challenges of cultural relativism.
8. Evaluate safeguarding protocols in public services.
9. Understand the concept of gender mainstreaming.
10. Identify key advocacy networks and their roles.