Flashcards: Manufacturing, Motion and Automation — 81 cards

What are the four phases of the engineering problem-solving process?

Explore, develop, generate, and evaluate and refine.

What defines an emerging problem in society?

A current or future societal problem explored by identifying scope, variables, constraints, objectives, social, economic, environmental issues, success criteria, and prototyping implications.

Which engineering professions are identified for current and future opportunities?

Micro-nano, chemical, aerospace, environmental, biomedical, space, processing, software, and mechatronics engineering.

Name an example of an emerging societal problem related to housing.

Lack of affordable space-saving housing.

What are intelligent systems?

Technologically advanced machines that perceive and respond to the world around them.

What is planned obsolescence?

Deliberate design of a product with limited life to encourage replacement purchases.

Which energy sources are renewable and inexhaustible?

Solar, geothermal, hydro, wind, tidal, and biomass energy.

How does additive manufacturing create an object?

By adding material.

How does subtractive manufacturing create an object?

By removing material from a larger piece.

What does hybrid manufacturing combine?

Additive and subtractive manufacturing processes.

What design features does additive manufacturing facilitate?

Internal structures or porosities for medical and industrial uses.

Which methods can rapid prototyping use to create a prototype?

3D printing and laser cutting.

How does additive manufacturing commonly build objects?

By adding material layer by layer.

What is subtractive manufacturing?

Creating objects by removing material from a larger piece.

How does additive manufacturing support lightweight and lean designs?

By producing components with internal structures or porosities.

What is linear motion?

Motion in a straight line, horizontal, vertical, or inclined.

What does displacement measure in linear motion?

An object's change in straight-line position as a vector.

What quantities are considered in straight-line motion calculations?

Displacement, time, initial velocity, final velocity, average velocity, and acceleration.

What is displacement in physics?

The vector change in an object's straight-line position relative to a fixed point.

What is the formula for average velocity?

Average velocity equals displacement divided by time: $v_{av} = \frac{s}{t}$.

What is acceleration defined as?

The rate of change of velocity.

What is the SI unit of acceleration?

Meters per second squared ($\mathrm{m/s^2}$).

What is the first equation of motion for uniform acceleration?

$v = u + at$.

What is the approximate acceleration due to gravity near Earth?

$9.8\ \mathrm{m/s^2}$ ignoring air resistance.

What is mechanical advantage in machines?

The ratio of output load force to input effort force.

How is velocity ratio defined in machines?

As the ratio of effort distance to load distance.

What formula defines machine efficiency?

Machine efficiency equals mechanical advantage divided by velocity ratio.

What does the law of levers state for a lever?

Effort force times effort arm equals load force times load arm.

Where is the fulcrum located in a first-order lever?

Between the effort and the load.

Where is the load located in a second-order lever?

Between the effort and the fulcrum.

Where is the effort located in a third-order lever?

Between the load and the fulcrum.

What is the mechanical advantage of a second-order lever?

Always greater than 1.

What defines a fixed pulley in terms of attachment and effort?

It is attached to a rigid support and requires equal effort to the load.

How much effort is ideally needed for a 100 N load with a moving pulley?

50 N of effort is ideally needed.

What distinguishes simple pulley systems from compound pulley systems?

Simple systems combine fixed and moving pulleys with one anchor; compound systems have one fixed and multiple moving pulleys with different velocity-ratio calculations.

What is the formula for velocity ratio in a simple pulley system?

Velocity ratio equals the number of rope sections supporting the load: $VR = n$.

What factors influence pulley efficiency and its typical range?

Efficiency ranges from 80% to 95% depending on bearing quality, load, and cable material.

What can autonomous robots do in their environment?

They can sense their environment and act to achieve specific goals.

When did computer vision research emerge?

In the late 1950s and early 1960s.

What does computer vision enable computers to interpret?

Visual information from images and video sequences.

What uncertainties does intelligent-system research face?

Noisy sensors and effectors, changing environments, time-consuming computation, and information loss from 3D to 2D mapping.

How many autonomous iron-ore transport vehicles does Rio Tinto operate in West Angelas?

73 vehicles.

How much cheaper is Rio Tinto's autonomous fleet compared to human-driven fleets?

Approximately 15% cheaper.

What does metallic bonding consist of?

Positive ion cores attracted to a mobile cloud of loosely bound valence electrons.

How does ionic bonding differ from covalent bonding?

Ionic bonding transfers electrons; covalent bonding shares electron pairs.

What is electric current?

The rate of flow of electric charge.

How does direct current differ from alternating current?

Direct current flows one way; alternating current reverses direction periodically.

What is the formula for electrical power?

$P = VI$

How is electrical energy calculated?

By multiplying power by time: $E = Pt$.

What is Ohm's law formula?

$V = IR$

What happens if the loop in a series circuit is opened?

Current flow stops because the continuous loop is broken.

What formulas relate voltage, current, resistance, power, and energy in a single-resistor circuit?

They are $V=IR$, $P=VI$, and $E=Pt$.

How is total resistance calculated in a series circuit?

It is the sum of the resistors.

What is the formula for total resistance in a series circuit?

$R_T=R_1+R_2+R_3+\cdots$

What is the formula for total power in a series circuit?

$P_T=P_1+P_2+P_3+\cdots$

What is the formula for equivalent resistance of two resistors in parallel?

$\frac{1}{R_T}=\frac{1}{R_1}+\frac{1}{R_2}$

What happens to total resistance when resistors are added in parallel?

Total resistance decreases.

Does a failed resistor stop current through other parallel branches?

No, current continues through intact parallel branches.

What does a voltmeter measure in a circuit?

Voltage drops or increases across components.

What does an ammeter measure in a circuit?

Current through a circuit or circuit section.

What do circuit diagrams use to represent components?

Standard symbols for various electrical components.

Name three components represented by standard symbols in circuit diagrams.

Resistors, voltage sources, and switches.

What is the first step in a practical parallel-circuit investigation?

Measure component and total resistance with the power off.

What measurements are recorded after applying voltage in a parallel-circuit investigation?

Voltage and current in the circuit and branches.

How is resistance calculated in a practical parallel-circuit investigation?

Using Ohm’s law.

What does a control system manage or regulate?

The behaviour of devices or systems using control loops.

What is a programmable logic controller?

An industrial solid-state computer for automated process control.

What is the output of a NOT gate when input is 0?

The output is 1.

What is the output of a NOT gate when input is 1?

The output is 0.

When does an OR gate output 1?

When either or both inputs are 1.

When does an AND gate output 1?

Only when both inputs are 1.

What is the output condition of an XOR gate?

It outputs 1 only when exactly one input is 1.

What is the relationship of a NAND gate to an AND gate?

A NAND gate is the opposite of an AND gate.

What does a phase diagram show for an alloy?

Phases formed at different temperatures and compositions under thermodynamic equilibrium.

What distinguishes a phase from a component in an alloy?

A phase is a homogeneous portion of matter; a component is an independently variable ingredient.

Why do copper-nickel alloys have complete solid solubility?

Because they share the same crystal structure, similar chemistry, and atomic sizes.

What does the liquidus line represent on a phase diagram?

The boundary above which the alloy is completely liquid.

What does the solidus line represent on a phase diagram?

The boundary below which the alloy is completely solid.

What phase region lies between the liquidus and solidus lines?

A region containing both solid and liquid phases.

What solid-to-liquid ratio does the inverse lever rule give for 30% nickel at temperature t2?

A ratio of 10 parts solid to 27 parts liquid.

How is a copper-nickel phase diagram constructed?

From arrestment points on cooling curves marking phase transformation starts or finishes.