Genetics Fundamentals and Cell Division

📋 Course Outline

1. ADN et information génétique
2. Structure de l’ADN et nucléotides
3. Réplication, chromosomes et caryotype
4. Mitose, méiose et transmission génétique
5. Synthèse des protéines et code génétique
6. Mutations, brassage et génétique mendélienne

📖 1. ADN et information génétique

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• ADN : Nucleic acid that stores hereditary information in living cells.
• Information génétique : Set of instructions carried by genes that determines traits through protein synthesis.
• Gène : DNA segment that contains the information needed to produce a functional product, often a protein.

📝 Essential Points

• The genetic information is encoded in the order of nucleotides along DNA.
• Genes are located on chromosomes and are transmitted from parents to offspring.
• Changes in DNA sequence can modify the information and lead to genetic variation or disease.

💡 Memory Hook

DNA = “sequence = message”: order of letters carries the instructions.

📖 2. Structure de l’ADN et nucléotides

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Double hélice : DNA structure formed by two antiparallel strands wound around each other.
• Nucléotide : DNA building block composed of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
• Antiparallélisme : Orientation property where the two DNA strands run in opposite 5'→3' directions.

📝 Essential Points