Hoja de repaso: Foundations of American Colonialism and Independence

📋 Course Outline

1. Founding and challenges of the first English colonies in North America
2. Religious motives and symbolism of the Plymouth colony and Puritanism
3. Origins and significance of the Mayflower Compact and Thanksgiving
4. American exceptionalism and early colonial self-government
5. Economic and political causes of colonial unrest leading to the American Revolution
6. Colonial protests against British taxation and the escalation to armed conflict
7. Formation of colonial unity and influence of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
8. Declaration of Independence: authorship, justification, and political philosophy
9. Recognition of American independence and territorial boundaries after the Revolution
10. Territorial expansion of the United States through purchase, negotiation, and war
11. Impact of expansion on Native American tribes and the Trail of Tears
12. Enduring legacy and challenges of the US Constitution and political system

📖 1. Founding and challenges of the first English colonies in North America

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• 17th century : The time period during which the English established their first successful colonies in North America, including Jamestown in 1607.
• Should know before the class : Basic vocabulary and concepts related to early English colonization, including terms like colonist, colony, and hardships faced by settlers.
• Virginia Company : First successful settlement : Jameson, Virginia in 1607 3.
• Royal Charter : commercial purposes / to generate profit for the investors James I granted a Royal charter = the right to colonise Virginie Settlers : - led by captain John Smith - Peasants, craftsmen, jewelers, goldsmiths,… - To développe trade and to mine gold 4.

📝 Essential Points

• Jamestown, Virginia was founded in 1607 by the British Virginia Company under a Royal Charter granted by King James I.
• Initial settlers faced harsh conditions including swampy terrain, hostile tribes, disease, and starvation, with half dying within six months.
• The colony was near extinction until new settlers arrived and John Smith stabilized relations with Native Americans, including Pocahontas.
• Tobacco cultivation became a major cash crop, leading to large exports, and in 1619 the first African slaves arrived to work on plantations.
• Before Jamestown, earlier attempts like Roanoke Island failed to establish permanent settlements.
• Very harsh living conditions/ Inhospitable environment - swampy site - Hostile indian tribes - Disease and starvation (cannibalism) No farming skills Half of the settlers died in 6 months (from 5000 to 60 in 3 years) On the brink of extinction New settlers = continually sent by the company John smith stabilized relations with Indians (friends with Pocahontas) Developed the culture of tobacco (massive exports) 1619 : arrival of the first African slaves to work on the tobacco plantations 1.
• What were the living conditions the first settlers faced?

💡 Key Takeaway

Jamestown, Virginia was founded in 1607 by the British Virginia Company under a Royal Charter granted by King James I.

📖 2. Religious motives and symbolism of the Plymouth colony and Puritanism

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Doctrine of Predestination : A belief in Puritanism that only those chosen by God could be saved, influenced by Calvin and Luther.

📝 Essential Points

• The Plymouth colony was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrim Fathers, fleeing religious persecution to establish religious freedom.
• Puritanism was a radical Protestant movement advocating strictness, austerity, and purification of the Anglican Church, influenced by Calvin and Luther.
• Puritans rejected ecclesiastical hierarchy and believed in predestination, asserting only those chosen by God could be saved.
• The Pilgrims sought a complete break from the Church of England and established the first Puritan colony in America.
• Religious tolerance was limited; Puritans later forbade dissent within their colonies, encouraging the creation of other colonies for dissenters.

💡 Key Takeaway

Religious beliefs and persecution were central to motivating the Plymouth colony and shaping early American religious identity.

📖 3. Origins and significance of the Mayflower Compact and Thanksgiving

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Covenant : A formal legal agreement among the Pilgrims to form a civil body politic and to respect just and equal laws.
• First Thanksgiving : A 1621 harvest celebration where Pilgrims, assisted by Native Americans who taught them farming and fishing, gave thanks for survival after a harsh winter.

📝 Essential Points

• The Mayflower Compact was a legal covenant signed by the Pilgrims before landing in 1620 to form a civil body politic and establish just and equal laws.
• The Pilgrims originally intended to land in Virginia but landed at Cape Cod, New England, requiring the drafting of the Mayflower Compact to legitimize their settlement.
• The Mayflower Compact demonstrated the Pilgrims' capacity for self-government and is considered a prelude to later American democratic documents like the Declaration of Independence.
• The Pilgrims gathered investors to finance their voyage aboard the Mayflower, emphasizing the blend of religious and economic motives.
• What is the Mayflower Compact?
• A very famous historical doc : -first framework for government ever written in north America -provided the basis for government in the colony The pilgrims bound themselves: -to form a civil body politics -to respect just an equal laws.

💡 Key Takeaway

The Mayflower Compact was a legal covenant signed by the Pilgrims before landing in 1620 to form a civil body politic and establish just and equal laws.

📖 4. American exceptionalism and early colonial self-government

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• American Exceptionalism : The belief that America was founded on principles that serve as a model for other nations, emphasizing a divine mission and unique destiny.
• Self-Government : The authority granted to colonies through charters to govern themselves independently under British law.

📝 Essential Points

• American exceptionalism originated from the Plymouth colony's belief in a divine mission to establish a model society, summarized in John Winthrop's 'City upon a Hill' sermon.
• The thirteen colonies, part of the British Empire, had colonial charters that allowed for self-government with their own frameworks.
• Puritans believed they were an elect people predestined to settle a promised land, reinforcing the idea of a providential mission for America.
• Despite British laws, the colonies initially operated with a sense of independence and self-determination, not united at first.
• The idea of American exceptionalism held that America was founded on principles to serve as a model for all nations, especially in propagating freedom.

💡 Key Takeaway

American exceptionalism originated from the Plymouth colony's belief in a divine mission to establish a model society, summarized in John Winthrop's 'City upon a Hill' sermon.

📖 5. Economic and political causes of colonial unrest leading to the American Revolution

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• The colonies : Territories under British control in the 1760s and 1770s that provided raw materials to Britain and purchased British manufactured goods within a regulated market dominated by British monopoly.
• A revolution : An illegal change of political regime Here, from a monarchy to a republic A reform : A legal change 1.
• Sons of Liberty : A colonial group that led protests against British taxation measures.

📝 Essential Points

• The British government imposed the Sugar Act (1764) and Stamp Act (1765) to increase taxes on the colonies to raise revenue, affecting imports and legal documents respectively.
• Colonial protests included boycotts of British goods, increased smuggling, and political resolutions such as the Virginia Resolves rejecting the Stamp Act.
• The slogan 'No taxation without representation' expressed the colonies' political argument that they were taxed without consent as they had no representatives in the British Parliament.
• The British response included passing acts to restrict local governments and reassert parliamentary authority over the colonies.
• The colonies = sources of revenue for Great Britain - provided Britain with raw material - Bought Britain’s manufactured goods The British had a monopoly on colonial products = regulated market (1760s and 1770s) = the British passed a series of Acts which increased taxes so as to raise money —> the sugar act (1764) —> the stamp act (1765) 15.
• No taxation whiteout representation Protesters slogan : - no colonial representative had a eat in the British parliament - The colonies were taxed without their consent Acts : attempts to infringe on their political and economic freedom 19.

💡 Key Takeaway

The British government imposed the Sugar Act (1764) and Stamp Act (1765) to increase taxes on the colonies to raise revenue, affecting imports and legal documents respectively.

📖 6. Colonial protests against British taxation and the escalation to armed conflict

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Boston Tea Party : An event on December 16, 1773, when colonists disguised as Indians boarded tea ships in Boston Harbor and dumped hundreds of cargoes of British tea into the ocean to protest taxation.
• Continental Army : A military force organized by the American colonies in 1775 to resist escalating British military pressure during the War for Independence.
• First Continental Congress : A meeting held in Philadelphia in 1774 with delegates from the thirteen colonies who initially sought redress from Britain but gradually moved toward independence.

📝 Essential Points

• The War for Independence began in 1775 as conflict escalated with increased British military pressure and colonial organization of armed resistance.
• (1775-1783) Conflict intensified and the British escalated military pressure A continental army was organized in the colonies George Washington appointed general and commander-in-chief 22.

💡 Key Takeaway

The War for Independence began in 1775 as conflict escalated with increased British military pressure and colonial organization of armed resistance.

📖 7. Formation of colonial unity and influence of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Plymouth : A colony founded by pilgrims seeking religious freedom, symbolizing the origins of the United States and representing freedom and self-determination.

📝 Essential Points

• The thirteen colonies began to unite politically through the Continental Congress and shared growing support for independence.
• George III's unwillingness to compromise contributed to the shift in colonial attitudes toward full independence.
• 'Common Sense' played a pivotal role in mobilizing public support for the revolutionary cause.
• When did the colonies declare their independence?

💡 Key Takeaway

Persuasive political writing like 'Common Sense' was powerful in uniting colonies and advancing the cause of independence.

📖 8. Declaration of Independence: authorship, justification, and political philosophy

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• The founding fathers : Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, George Washington, John Jay… They united the nation.
• Declaration of Independence : A document adopted on July 4, 1776, by the Continental Congress that officially marked the birth of the United States and justified independence by enumerating British abuses and asserting the right to overthrow tyrannical government.
• Political philosophy : The idea that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed and that people have the right to alter or abolish governments that become destructive.
• Natural Rights : Inspired by John Locke’s second treatise on civil government (1689) - natural rights : universal, inalienable, rights independent of laws (derived from the observation oh human nature) - Legal rights : rights established by the law in a given society 30.

📝 Essential Points

• The Declaration of Independence was adopted on July 4, 1776, marking the official birth of the US.
• Thomas Jefferson was the principal author, supported by other Founding Fathers including Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Alexander Hamilton.
• -That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.
• Who were the Founding Fathers?

💡 Key Takeaway

The Declaration of Independence was adopted on July 4, 1776, marking the official birth of the US.

📖 9. Recognition of American independence and territorial boundaries after the Revolution

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• 2 The road to independence : The period from 1765 to 1783 during which the American colonies protested British taxation and policies, leading to military conflict and eventual independence.
• Treaty of Paris 1783 : The diplomatic agreement signed in 1783 that formally acknowledged the independence of the United States and fixed its territorial boundaries.
• American Revolution (1765-1783 : The conflict between the American colonies and Britain from 1765 to 1783, beginning with colonial protests and culminating in war and independence.

📝 Essential Points

• The British troops surrendered in 1781, effectively ending major military conflict in the American Revolution.
• The Treaty of Paris in 1783 formally acknowledged the independence of the United States.
• The treaty fixed the boundaries of the US territory, establishing the nation's initial geographic limits.

💡 Key Takeaway

The British troops surrendered in 1781, effectively ending major military conflict in the American Revolution.

📖 10. Territorial expansion of the United States through purchase, negotiation, and war

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Louisiana Purchase : A land acquisition in 1803 where the US bought territory from Napoleon, doubling its size.
• Thomas Paine : An influential writer whose pamphlet Common Sense argued for American independence and attacked the British monarchy.

📝 Essential Points

• The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 doubled the surface area of the United States by buying land from Napoleon.
• The US expanded westward through purchases, negotiations, and wars, including the acquisition of Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, and California after the Mexican-American War.
• Laws in the 1780s regulated the integration of new territories into the United States.
• Territorial expansion was driven by the belief in American destiny to spread democratic institutions to the Pacific.

💡 Key Takeaway

The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 doubled the surface area of the United States by buying land from Napoleon.

📖 11. Impact of expansion on Native American tribes and the Trail of Tears

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Trail of Tears : A forced deportation in 1838 during which approximately 100,000 Cherokee and other Native American tribes were removed from their ancestral lands in Georgia to reservations in Oklahoma, involving a 1,500-mile march where 25% of the deported population died.
• Territorial expansion : The process by which the United States acquired new lands through settlement, purchase, negotiation, and war, including events such as the Louisiana Purchase and territorial gains following the war with Mexico.

📝 Essential Points

• The Indian Removal Act of 1830 led to the forced deportation of about 100,000 Cherokee and other tribes from their lands to Oklahoma.
• The Trail of Tears in 1838 involved a 1,500-mile march during which 25% of the deported Native Americans died.
• Native American tribes were deprived of their lands, relocated to reservations, and pushed further west as part of US expansion.

💡 Key Takeaway

The Trail of Tears in 1838 involved a 1,500-mile march during which 25% of the deported Native Americans died.

📖 12. Enduring legacy and challenges of the US Constitution and political system

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Indians : Native American tribes who were considered 'savages' and were removed from their lands to allow for 'civilization' and American territorial expansion.
• Presidential Powers : The authority of the US president, which has increased over time, with recent concerns about power grabs such as during Trump's administration.
• Political system has essentially been : The US political system has remained fundamentally the same for more than two centuries despite amendments.

📝 Essential Points

• The US Constitution has demonstrated remarkable longevity, remaining essentially unchanged for over two centuries despite amendments.
• The Founding Fathers established a political system that has provided stability and structure to the United States.
• Challenges include the Constitution not always adapting well to contemporary society and issues such as increasing presidential powers.
• Recent political events have raised concerns about power grabs and the balance of governmental authority.

💡 Key Takeaway

The durability of the US Constitution has supported stability, but modern challenges like increased presidential powers pose questions for its adaptation.

🧩 Additional Source Details

1. Study this source detail: 1: the birth of the US What you should know before the class 1.1 The first colonies 1.1.1. 1607: Jamestown, Virginia 1.1.2. 1620: Plymouth 1.1.3. Symbolism 1.2 The road to independence: The American Revolution (1765-1783 (Source: "1: the birth of the US What you should know before the class 1.1 The first colonies 1.1.1. 1607: Jamestown, Virginia 1.1.2. 1620: Plymouth 1.1.3. Symbolism 1.2 The road to independence: The American Revolution (1765-1783) 1.2.1 The burden of taxation 1.2.2. The Declaration of Independence 1.3 Epilogue: Territorial expansion Vocabulary you should know")
2. Study this source detail: 1.2.1 The burden of taxation 1.2.2. The Declaration of Independence 1.3 Epilogue: Territorial expansion Vocabulary you should know before the class A colonist= a settler – Un colon A colony= a settlement – Une colonie A (Source: "1.2.1 The burden of taxation 1.2.2. The Declaration of Independence 1.3 Epilogue: Territorial expansion Vocabulary you should know before the class A colonist= a settler – Un colon A colony= a settlement – Une colonie A peasant – Un paysan A craftsman – Un artisan A jeweller – Un bijoutier A goldsmith – Un orfèvre quelqu’un Swampy – Marécageux")
3. Study this source detail: – Un orfèvre quelqu’un Swampy – Marécageux Starvation – Famine On the brink of – Au bord de, sur le point de The Pilgrim Fathers – Les Pères Fondateurs To flee – Fuir A dissenter – Un dissident Beliefs – Croyances A brea (Source: "– Un orfèvre quelqu’un Swampy – Marécageux Starvation – Famine On the brink of – Au bord de, sur le point de The Pilgrim Fathers – Les Pères Fondateurs To flee – Fuir A dissenter – Un dissident Beliefs – Croyances A break from – Une rupture avec To gather investors – Rassembler des investisseurs A journey– Un voyage To be blown off course – Etre")
4. Study this source detail: Un voyage To be blown off course – Etre dérouté A covenant – Un engagement, un contrat, une convention A framework – Un cadre To provide – Fournir To bind (bound/bound) – Lier A godly mission – Une mission divine Legal/ (Source: "Un voyage To be blown off course – Etre dérouté A covenant – Un engagement, un contrat, une convention A framework – Un cadre To provide – Fournir To bind (bound/bound) – Lier A godly mission – Une mission divine Legal/ illegal – Légal/illégal Raw material – Matières premières Manufactured goods – Produits manufacturés To increase taxes – Augmenter les")
5. Study this source detail: manufacturés To increase taxes – Augmenter les impôts Smuggling – Contrebande A representative – Un représentant To infringe on a right – Réduire un droit, empiéter sur un droit To be appointed – Etre nommé (à un poste) (Source: "manufacturés To increase taxes – Augmenter les impôts Smuggling – Contrebande A representative – Un représentant To infringe on a right – Réduire un droit, empiéter sur un droit To be appointed – Etre nommé (à un poste) To be unwilling to – Ne pas vouloir, être peu disposé à, être réticent à The Founding Fathers – Les Pères Fondateurs Inalienable rights")
6. Study this source detail: Fathers – Les Pères Fondateurs Inalienable rights – Droits inaliéanables To overturn – Renverser (un gouvernement) Boundaries – Frontières A purchase – Un achat To be deprived of – Etre privé de To spread– Propager, se p (Source: "Fathers – Les Pères Fondateurs Inalienable rights – Droits inaliéanables To overturn – Renverser (un gouvernement) Boundaries – Frontières A purchase – Un achat To be deprived of – Etre privé de To spread– Propager, se propager Some useful resources A Short History of Jamestown https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/a-short-history-of-jamestown.htm")
7. Study this source detail: rn/historyculture/a-short-history-of-jamestown.htm Jamestown and Plymouth: Compare and Contrast https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/jamestown-and-plymouth-compare-and- contrast.htm Colonial America and Puritans (Source: "rn/historyculture/a-short-history-of-jamestown.htm Jamestown and Plymouth: Compare and Contrast https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/jamestown-and-plymouth-compare-and- contrast.htm Colonial America and Puritans https://www.ducksters.com/history/colonial_america/puritans.php How the Mayflower Compact Influenced 400 Years of American Government")
8. Study this source detail: Influenced 400 Years of American Government https://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2020/11/how-the-mayflower-compact-influenced-400- years-of-american-government/ A Brief History of American Exceptionalism https://yalebooks (Source: "Influenced 400 Years of American Government https://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2020/11/how-the-mayflower-compact-influenced-400- years-of-american-government/ A Brief History of American Exceptionalism https://yalebooks.yale.edu/2017/02/28/a-brief-history-of-american-exceptionalism/ Extracts from The Declaration of Independence, in Congress, July 4, 1776")
9. Study this source detail: of Independence, in Congress, July 4, 1776 When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of (Source: "of Independence, in Congress, July 4, 1776 When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the")
10. Study this source detail: God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that (Source: "God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of")
11. Study this source detail: are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government beco (Source: "are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its")
12. Study this source detail: and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. […] The history of the present Kin (Source: "and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. […] The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute")
13. Study this source detail: object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world. What you should know after the class 1.1 The first colonies 1.1.1. 1607: Jamestown, Virginia 1. (Source: "object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world. What you should know after the class 1.1 The first colonies 1.1.1. 1607: Jamestown, Virginia 1. Where and when were the first colonies founded? 17th century : English colonization of north America Before the 17th century : - failed")
14. Study this source detail: north America Before the 17th century : - failed attempts at a settlement in the « New World » —» region named « Virginia » —» Roanoke Island = « the lost colony » 2. Who founded them? The British Virginia company - firs (Source: "north America Before the 17th century : - failed attempts at a settlement in the « New World » —» region named « Virginia » —» Roanoke Island = « the lost colony » 2. Who founded them? The British Virginia company - first successful settlement : Jameson, Virginia in 1607 3. What was the purpose of the first colonies? - commercial purposes / to generate")
15. Study this source detail: colonies? - commercial purposes / to generate profit for the investors James I granted a Royal charter = the right to colonise Virginie Settlers : - led by captain John Smith - Peasants, craftsmen, jewelers, goldsmiths,… (Source: "colonies? - commercial purposes / to generate profit for the investors James I granted a Royal charter = the right to colonise Virginie Settlers : - led by captain John Smith - Peasants, craftsmen, jewelers, goldsmiths,… - To développe trade and to mine gold 4. What were the living conditions the first settlers faced? Very harsh living conditions/")
16. Study this source detail: faced? Very harsh living conditions/ Inhospitable environment - swampy site - Hostile indian tribes - Disease and starvation (cannibalism) No farming skills Half of the settlers died in 6 months (from 5000 to 60 in 3 yea (Source: "faced? Very harsh living conditions/ Inhospitable environment - swampy site - Hostile indian tribes - Disease and starvation (cannibalism) No farming skills Half of the settlers died in 6 months (from 5000 to 60 in 3 years) On the brink of extinction New settlers = continually sent by the company John smith stabilized relations with Indians (friends")
17. Study this source detail: smith stabilized relations with Indians (friends with Pocahontas) Developed the culture of tobacco (massive exports) 1619 : arrival of the first African slaves to work on the tobacco plantations 1.1.2. 1620: Plymouth 5. (Source: "smith stabilized relations with Indians (friends with Pocahontas) Developed the culture of tobacco (massive exports) 1619 : arrival of the first African slaves to work on the tobacco plantations 1.1.2. 1620: Plymouth 5. Who were the Pilgrims? 2nd colony founded in the New World Not the first English colony in America, but the most famous Symbolic value")
18. Study this source detail: in America, but the most famous Symbolic value Religious motives Settlers : - the pilgrim fathers - Were fleeing religious persecution - A new land in which they could establish religious freedom The first Puritan colony (Source: "in America, but the most famous Symbolic value Religious motives Settlers : - the pilgrim fathers - Were fleeing religious persecution - A new land in which they could establish religious freedom The first Puritan colony in America - a group of protestants puritans - Religions disertes (= dissidents) in England - Not anglicans - Were persecuted «")
19. Study this source detail: - Not anglicans - Were persecuted « Separatists » Advocated a complete break from the church of England Decided to leave Europe 6.What constitutes Puritanism? A religious movement in the 16th and 17th century in England (Source: "- Not anglicans - Were persecuted « Separatists » Advocated a complete break from the church of England Decided to leave Europe 6.What constitutes Puritanism? A religious movement in the 16th and 17th century in England Protestants with a radical doctrine (strictness and austerity) Influenced by the doctrines of Calvin and Luther The anglican church")
20. Study this source detail: of Calvin and Luther The anglican church still « too catholic » needed to be further reformed - beliefs, doctrines and rituals needed to be « purified » - Rejected the ecclesiastical hierarchy and authority of the church (Source: "of Calvin and Luther The anglican church still « too catholic » needed to be further reformed - beliefs, doctrines and rituals needed to be « purified » - Rejected the ecclesiastical hierarchy and authority of the church Doctrine of predestination : only people who are chosen by god can be saved 7. What were the facts about the Pilgrim’s voyage and")
21. Study this source detail: were the facts about the Pilgrim’s voyage and landing? The mayflower, the name of the boat with gas taken by the pilgrims to go to America. The pilgrims gathered investors who financed their journey. They sailed to Ameri (Source: "were the facts about the Pilgrim’s voyage and landing? The mayflower, the name of the boat with gas taken by the pilgrims to go to America. The pilgrims gathered investors who financed their journey. They sailed to America aboard the mayflower. Originally, supposed to land in Virginia, but were blown off course December 16th 1620: landed 600 miles to the")
22. Study this source detail: course December 16th 1620: landed 600 miles to the north, on cape cod, in an area called new England. 8. What is the Mayflower Compact? Why is it a famous historical document? They have to draft a legal doc to make sure (Source: "course December 16th 1620: landed 600 miles to the north, on cape cod, in an area called new England. 8. What is the Mayflower Compact? Why is it a famous historical document? They have to draft a legal doc to make sure that the situation is legal. Before landing: signed a covenant (=legal agreenient) called the mayflower compact. A very famous historical")
23. Study this source detail: the mayflower compact. A very famous historical doc : -first framework for government ever written in north America -provided the basis for government in the colony The pilgrims bound themselves: -to form a civil body po (Source: "the mayflower compact. A very famous historical doc : -first framework for government ever written in north America -provided the basis for government in the colony The pilgrims bound themselves: -to form a civil body politics -to respect just an equal laws. First historians: the doc demonstrated the pilgrims capacity for self-government. A kind of")
24. Study this source detail: capacity for self-government. A kind of prelude to the declaration of independence. 9. What are the origins of Thanksgiving? - had to cope with many problems - half of them died during winter - were assisted by Indians - (Source: "capacity for self-government. A kind of prelude to the declaration of independence. 9. What are the origins of Thanksgiving? - had to cope with many problems - half of them died during winter - were assisted by Indians - gave them food - taught them how to plant corn - told them where to fish - 1621: « the first thanksgiving » 1.1.3. Symbolism 10. What")
25. Study this source detail: first thanksgiving » 1.1.3. Symbolism 10. What did the Plymouth colony come to symbolise? The Plymouth colony - a story of origins for the US - A symbol of freedom and self-determination The pilgrims : pioneers of religi (Source: "first thanksgiving » 1.1.3. Symbolism 10. What did the Plymouth colony come to symbolise? The Plymouth colony - a story of origins for the US - A symbol of freedom and self-determination The pilgrims : pioneers of religious freedom - followed by thousands of puritans later Plymouth : not the 1st colony - its goal : not to establish freedom but to make")
26. Study this source detail: its goal : not to establish freedom but to make money Religious tolerance was not always the rule in New England - puritans started to forbid dissension in their turn - Encouraged the creation of other colonies in new En (Source: "its goal : not to establish freedom but to make money Religious tolerance was not always the rule in New England - puritans started to forbid dissension in their turn - Encouraged the creation of other colonies in new England 11. What are the origins and the definition of “American exceptionalism”? American exceptionalism : Plymouth = the foundation for")
27. Study this source detail: exceptionalism : Plymouth = the foundation for American exceptionalism Puritans thought they were an elect people predestined to settle in a promised land granted to them by God Summarized in a sermon by John Winthrop : (Source: "exceptionalism : Plymouth = the foundation for American exceptionalism Puritans thought they were an elect people predestined to settle in a promised land granted to them by God Summarized in a sermon by John Winthrop : « A City upon a hill » (1630) - « we shall be as a city upon a hill the eyes of all people are upon us » Settlers had a godly mission on a")
28. Study this source detail: are upon us » Settlers had a godly mission on a providential land Would be a model for all nations - idea that unlike (contrairement à) other nations, the American nation was founded on principles —> mission : to propaga (Source: "are upon us » Settlers had a godly mission on a providential land Would be a model for all nations - idea that unlike (contrairement à) other nations, the American nation was founded on principles —> mission : to propagate freedom 12. What was the situation of the 13 colonies? 150 years later : 13 colonies had been founded (apprendre les colonies) - part")
29. Study this source detail: had been founded (apprendre les colonies) - part of the British empire - Subject to British laws Not « united » of connected at first But colonial charters allowed for self-government = each colony had a government frame (Source: "had been founded (apprendre les colonies) - part of the British empire - Subject to British laws Not « united » of connected at first But colonial charters allowed for self-government = each colony had a government framework How did the 13 colonies become an independent country ? 1.2 The road to independence: The American Revolution (1765-1783) 13. What")
30. Study this source detail: The American Revolution (1765-1783) 13. What is the difference between a revolution and a reform? A revolution : An illegal change of political regime Here, from a monarchy to a republic A reform : A legal change 1.2.1. (Source: "The American Revolution (1765-1783) 13. What is the difference between a revolution and a reform? A revolution : An illegal change of political regime Here, from a monarchy to a republic A reform : A legal change 1.2.1. The burden of taxation 14. Why did the colonies rebel against Britain? The colonies = sources of revenue for Great Britain - provided")
31. Study this source detail: = sources of revenue for Great Britain - provided Britain with raw material - Bought Britain’s manufactured goods The British had a monopoly on colonial products = regulated market (1760s and 1770s) = the British passed (Source: "= sources of revenue for Great Britain - provided Britain with raw material - Bought Britain’s manufactured goods The British had a monopoly on colonial products = regulated market (1760s and 1770s) = the British passed a series of Acts which increased taxes so as to raise money —> the sugar act (1764) —> the stamp act (1765) 15. What did the Sugar Act")
32. Study this source detail: stamp act (1765) 15. What did the Sugar Act impose on the colonies? Increased taxes the colonies had to pay when they imported products Redaction in the colonies : - boycott of British goods - Increase in smuggling 16. W (Source: "stamp act (1765) 15. What did the Sugar Act impose on the colonies? Increased taxes the colonies had to pay when they imported products Redaction in the colonies : - boycott of British goods - Increase in smuggling 16. What did the Stamp Act impose on the colonies? Imposed a tax on legal documents, but also on stamps, newspapers, playing cards, ect")
33. Study this source detail: on stamps, newspapers, playing cards, ect Triggered widespread protest in the colonies - the sons of liberty - Assemblies voted resolutions to reject the measure (the Virginia resolves may 1765) 17. How did the colonies (Source: "on stamps, newspapers, playing cards, ect Triggered widespread protest in the colonies - the sons of liberty - Assemblies voted resolutions to reject the measure (the Virginia resolves may 1765) 17. How did the colonies react? What measures did they take? 18. What political argument did the protesters put forward in order to justify their rebellion? No")
34. Study this source detail: forward in order to justify their rebellion? No taxation whiteout representation Protesters slogan : - no colonial representative had a eat in the British parliament - The colonies were taxed without their consent Acts : (Source: "forward in order to justify their rebellion? No taxation whiteout representation Protesters slogan : - no colonial representative had a eat in the British parliament - The colonies were taxed without their consent Acts : attempts to infringe on their political and economic freedom 19. What was Britain’s response to protest in America? « This is the mother")
35. Study this source detail: to protest in America? « This is the mother country, they are the children ; they must be obey, and we prescribe » (William Pitt British politician) Passed other act - to restrict the powers of local governments - To rea (Source: "to protest in America? « This is the mother country, they are the children ; they must be obey, and we prescribe » (William Pitt British politician) Passed other act - to restrict the powers of local governments - To reassert the authority of the British parliament over American colonies s 20. What happened on the day of the Boston Tea Party? The")
36. Study this source detail: on the day of the Boston Tea Party? The Boston tea party (December 16th 1773) Act, some colonists : disguised as Indians - went aboard tea-ships in Boston harbor - Dumped hundreds of cargoes of tea into the ocean 21. Whe (Source: "on the day of the Boston Tea Party? The Boston tea party (December 16th 1773) Act, some colonists : disguised as Indians - went aboard tea-ships in Boston harbor - Dumped hundreds of cargoes of tea into the ocean 21. When did the War for Independence take place? (1775-1783) Conflict intensified and the British escalated military pressure A")
37. Study this source detail: British escalated military pressure A continental army was organized in the colonies George Washington appointed general and commander-in-chief 22. How did the colonies unite? How many colonies were there? The colonies h (Source: "British escalated military pressure A continental army was organized in the colonies George Washington appointed general and commander-in-chief 22. How did the colonies unite? How many colonies were there? The colonies had to unite First continental congress : Philadelphia in 1774 - delegates from the 13 colonies First, did not ask for their independence")
38. Study this source detail: First, did not ask for their independence But they gradually changed their minds 23. What did Thomas Paine argue in his pamphlet Common Sense? 24. How did he influence Americans? + 23 Why ? Gorge III was unwilling to com (Source: "First, did not ask for their independence But they gradually changed their minds 23. What did Thomas Paine argue in his pamphlet Common Sense? 24. How did he influence Americans? + 23 Why ? Gorge III was unwilling to compromise Influence of common sense by Thomas Paine (January 1776) - radical pamphlet - Advocated American independence - Attacked")
39. Study this source detail: - Advocated American independence - Attacked the British monarchy 1.2.2. The Declaration of Independence 25. When did the colonies declare their independence? July 4th 1776 - official birth of the US - Declaration of ind (Source: "- Advocated American independence - Attacked the British monarchy 1.2.2. The Declaration of Independence 25. When did the colonies declare their independence? July 4th 1776 - official birth of the US - Declaration of independence adopted by the continental congress - The indépendance Day 26. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? Written by Thomas")
40. Study this source detail: Declaration of Independence? Written by Thomas Jefferson (and others) 27. Who were the Founding Fathers? The founding fathers : Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, George Washington, John (Source: "Declaration of Independence? Written by Thomas Jefferson (and others) 27. Who were the Founding Fathers? The founding fathers : Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, George Washington, John Jay… They united the nation. They were businessman or plantation owners 28. How did they justify the American Revolution? Provided a")
41. Study this source detail: justify the American Revolution? Provided a justification for the American revolution : - enumeration of the « abuses » and « usurpations of great Britain - So legitimate to overturn such a tyrannical from a government 2 (Source: "justify the American Revolution? Provided a justification for the American revolution : - enumeration of the « abuses » and « usurpations of great Britain - So legitimate to overturn such a tyrannical from a government 29. What political philosophy inspired them? Inspired by John Locke’s second treatise on civil government (1689) - natural rights :")
42. Study this source detail: civil government (1689) - natural rights : universal, inalienable, rights independent of laws (derived from the observation oh human nature) - Legal rights : rights established by the law in a given society 30. When was (Source: "civil government (1689) - natural rights : universal, inalienable, rights independent of laws (derived from the observation oh human nature) - Legal rights : rights established by the law in a given society 30. When was the independence of the USA acknowledged? 1781 : British troops surrendered The treaty of Paris (1783)n - formally acknowledged the")
43. Study this source detail: of Paris (1783)n - formally acknowledged the independence of the US - Fixed the boundaries of the US territory 1.3. Epilogue: Territorial expansion How did the US from 13 to 50 country ? - In a unitary country - With an (Source: "of Paris (1783)n - formally acknowledged the independence of the US - Fixed the boundaries of the US territory 1.3. Epilogue: Territorial expansion How did the US from 13 to 50 country ? - In a unitary country - With an established and structured form of government 31. What were the various forms of territorial expansion used to form the USA? After the")
44. Study this source detail: expansion used to form the USA? After the independence : Americans settled in new lands to the west (of the Mississippi) 1780s : laws were passed to regulate the integration of the new territories into the United States (Source: "expansion used to form the USA? After the independence : Americans settled in new lands to the west (of the Mississippi) 1780s : laws were passed to regulate the integration of the new territories into the United States Purchase : Americans bought new lands and then settled there. A big step : the Louisiana purchase (1803) - In 1803, Jefferson bought")
45. Study this source detail: purchase (1803) - In 1803, Jefferson bought Louisiana from Napoleon - The surface of US territory doubled Negotiations and wars - the south-west / war with Mexico - The US won and negotiated the territories of Texas, Ari (Source: "purchase (1803) - In 1803, Jefferson bought Louisiana from Napoleon - The surface of US territory doubled Negotiations and wars - the south-west / war with Mexico - The US won and negotiated the territories of Texas, Arizona, New Mexico and California 32. What happened during the “Trail of Tears”? The Indians - as the US expanded, Indians tribes were :")
46. Study this source detail: Indians - as the US expanded, Indians tribes were : —> deprived of their lands —> sent to reservations —> removed further West and deported - the trail of tears (1838) 1830 : the Indian removal act (president Jackson), n (Source: "Indians - as the US expanded, Indians tribes were : —> deprived of their lands —> sent to reservations —> removed further West and deported - the trail of tears (1838) 1830 : the Indian removal act (president Jackson), nickname « the Indian killer » 1838 : deportation of 100,000 Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahoma - walked 1,500 miles and 25% died -")
47. Study this source detail: - walked 1,500 miles and 25% died - 1600-1900 : divided by 6 (from 1,5 million to 250,000) 33. What were the arguments supporting such expansionist policies? Indians : - were « savages » who only fished and hunted - Had (Source: "- walked 1,500 miles and 25% died - 1600-1900 : divided by 6 (from 1,5 million to 250,000) 33. What were the arguments supporting such expansionist policies? Indians : - were « savages » who only fished and hunted - Had to be removed from the land so that « civilization » could be introduced American destiny = to expand to the pacific in order to")
48. Study this source detail: = to expand to the pacific in order to spread their democratic institutions Conclusion : - remarkable longevity the US constitution —> even if amended, the political system has essentially been the same for more than 2 c (Source: "= to expand to the pacific in order to spread their democratic institutions Conclusion : - remarkable longevity the US constitution —> even if amended, the political system has essentially been the same for more than 2 centuries —> unlike fr : changed multiple times ! - Yet, poses problems —> not always adapted to contemporary society —> increasing")
49. Study this source detail: 1607: Jamestown, Virginia 1 (Source: "1607: Jamestown, Virginia 1")
50. Study this source detail: t, une convention A framework – Un cadre To provide – Fournir To bind (bound/bound) – Lier A godly mission – Une mission divine Legal/ illegal – Légal/illégal Raw material – Matières premières Manufactured goods – (Source: "t, une convention A framework – Un cadre To provide – Fournir To bind (bound/bound) – Lier A godly mission – Une mission divine Legal/ illegal – Légal/illégal Raw material – Matières premières Manufactured goods –")
51. Study this source detail: vé de To spread– Propager, se propager Some useful resources A Short History of Jamestown https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/a-short-history-of-jamestown.htm Jamestown and Plymouth: Compare and Contrast https: (Source: "vé de To spread– Propager, se propager Some useful resources A Short History of Jamestown https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/a-short-history-of-jamestown.htm Jamestown and Plymouth: Compare and Contrast https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/jamestown-and-plymouth-compa")
52. Study this source detail: 2020/11/how-the-mayflower-compact-influenced-400- years-of-american-government/ A Brief History of American Exceptionalism https://yalebooks (Source: "2020/11/how-the-mayflower-compact-influenced-400- years-of-american-government/ A Brief History of American Exceptionalism https://yalebooks")
53. Study this source detail: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness (Source: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness")
54. Study this source detail: Facts be submitted to a candid world. What you should know after the class 1.1 The first colonies 1.1.1. 1607: Jamestown, Virginia 1. Where and when were the first colonies founded? 17th century : English colonization (Source: "Facts be submitted to a candid world. What you should know after the class 1.1 The first colonies 1.1.1. 1607: Jamestown, Virginia 1. Where and when were the first colonies founded? 17th century : English colonization")
55. Study this source detail: the 17th century : - failed attempts at a settlement in the « New World » —» region named « Virginia » —» Roanoke Island = « the lost colony » 2. Who founded them? The British Virginia company - first successful settleme (Source: "the 17th century : - failed attempts at a settlement in the « New World » —» region named « Virginia » —» Roanoke Island = « the lost colony » 2. Who founded them? The British Virginia company - first successful settlement : Jameson, Virginia in 1607 3. What was")
56. Study this source detail: What were the living conditions the first settlers faced? Very harsh living conditions/ Inhospitable environment - swampy site - Hostile indian tribes - Disease and starvation (cannibalism) No farming skills Half of the (Source: "What were the living conditions the first settlers faced? Very harsh living conditions/ Inhospitable environment - swampy site - Hostile indian tribes - Disease and starvation (cannibalism) No farming skills Half of the settlers died in 6 months (from 5000 to 60 in 3 years) On th")
57. Study this source detail: 1620: Plymouth 5 (Source: "1620: Plymouth 5")
58. Study this source detail: 7. What were the facts about the Pilgrim’s voyage and landing (Source: "7. What were the facts about the Pilgrim’s voyage and landing")
59. Study this source detail: 1620: landed 600 miles to the north, on cape cod, in an area called new England (Source: "1620: landed 600 miles to the north, on cape cod, in an area called new England")
60. Study this source detail: 1621: « the first thanksgiving » 1 (Source: "1621: « the first thanksgiving » 1")
61. Study this source detail: creation of other colonies in new England 11. What are the origins and the definition of “American exceptionalism”? American exceptionalism : Plymouth = the foundation for American exceptionalism Puritans thought they we (Source: "creation of other colonies in new England 11. What are the origins and the definition of “American exceptionalism”? American exceptionalism : Plymouth = the foundation for American exceptionalism Puritans thought they were an elect people predestined to settle in a promised")
62. Study this source detail: Subject to British laws Not « united » of connected at first But colonial charters allowed for self-government = each colony had a government framework How did the 13 colonies become an independent country ? 1.2 The road (Source: "Subject to British laws Not « united » of connected at first But colonial charters allowed for self-government = each colony had a government framework How did the 13 colonies become an independent country ? 1.2 The road to independence: The American Revolution (1765-1783) 13. Wh")
63. Study this source detail: 1.2 The road to independence: The American Revolution (1765-1783) 13 (Source: "1.2 The road to independence: The American Revolution (1765-1783) 13")
64. Study this source detail: What did the Sugar Act impose on the colonies? Increased taxes the colonies had to pay when they imported products Redaction in the colonies : - boycott of British goods - Increase in smuggling 16. What did the Stamp Act (Source: "What did the Sugar Act impose on the colonies? Increased taxes the colonies had to pay when they imported products Redaction in the colonies : - boycott of British goods - Increase in smuggling 16. What did the Stamp Act impose on the colonies? Imposed a tax on legal documents, b")
65. Study this source detail: eir political and economic freedom 19. What was Britain’s response to protest in America? « This is the mother country, they are the children ; they must be obey, and we prescribe » (William Pitt British politician) Pass (Source: "eir political and economic freedom 19. What was Britain’s response to protest in America? « This is the mother country, they are the children ; they must be obey, and we prescribe » (William Pitt British politician) Passed other act - to restrict the powers of local governments - To reassert the authority of the British parliament over Ame")
66. Study this source detail: 1773) Act, some colonists : disguised as Indians - went aboard tea-ships in Boston harbor - Dumped hundreds of cargoes of tea into the ocean 21 (Source: "1773) Act, some colonists : disguised as Indians - went aboard tea-ships in Boston harbor - Dumped hundreds of cargoes of tea into the ocean 21")
67. Study this source detail: 1774 - delegates from the 13 colonies First, did not ask for their independence But they gradually changed their minds 23 (Source: "1774 - delegates from the 13 colonies First, did not ask for their independence But they gradually changed their minds 23")
68. Study this source detail: 1776 - official birth of the US - Declaration of independence adopted by the continental congress - The indépendance Day 26 (Source: "1776 - official birth of the US - Declaration of independence adopted by the continental congress - The indépendance Day 26")
69. Study this source detail: 1781 : British troops surrendered The treaty of Paris (1783)n - formally acknowledged the independence of the US - Fixed the boundaries of the US territory 1 (Source: "1781 : British troops surrendered The treaty of Paris (1783)n - formally acknowledged the independence of the US - Fixed the boundaries of the US territory 1")
70. Study this source detail: 1803) - In 1803, Jefferson bought Louisiana from Napoleon - The surface of US territory doubled Negotiations and wars - the south-west / war with Mexico - The US won and negotiated the territories of Texas, Arizona, New (Source: "1803) - In 1803, Jefferson bought Louisiana from Napoleon - The surface of US territory doubled Negotiations and wars - the south-west / war with Mexico - The US won and negotiated the territories of Texas, Arizona, New Mexico and California 32")
71. Study this source detail: 1838) 1830 : the Indian removal act (president Jackson), nickname « the Indian killer » 1838 : deportation of 100,000 Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahoma - walked 1,500 miles and 25% died - 1600-1900 : divided by 6 (from (Source: "1838) 1830 : the Indian removal act (president Jackson), nickname « the Indian killer » 1838 : deportation of 100,000 Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahoma - walked 1,500 miles and 25% died - 1600-1900 : divided by 6 (from 1,5 million to 250,000) 33")
72. Study this source detail: ,000) 33. What were the arguments supporting such expansionist policies? Indians : - were « savages » who only fished and hunted - Had to be removed from the land so that « civilization » could be introduced American des (Source: ",000) 33. What were the arguments supporting such expansionist policies? Indians : - were « savages » who only fished and hunted - Had to be removed from the land so that « civilization » could be introduced American destiny = to expand to the pacific in order")
73. Study this source detail: d - the trail of tears (1838) 1830 : the Indian removal act (president Jackson), nickname « the Indian killer » 1838 : deportation of 100,000 Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahoma - walked 1,500 miles and 25% died - 1600-19 (Source: "d - the trail of tears (1838) 1830 : the Indian removal act (president Jackson), nickname « the Indian killer » 1838 : deportation of 100,000 Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahoma - walked 1,500 miles and 25% died - 1600-1900 : divided by 6 (from 1,5 million to 250,000) 33.")
74. Study this source detail: What happened during the “Trail of Tears”? The Indians - as the US expanded, Indians tribes were : —> deprived of their lands —> sent to reservations —> removed further West and deported - the trail of tears (1838) 1830 (Source: "What happened during the “Trail of Tears”? The Indians - as the US expanded, Indians tribes were : —> deprived of their lands —> sent to reservations —> removed further West and deported - the trail of tears (1838) 1830 : the Indian removal act (president Jackson), nickname « the")
75. Study this source detail: When was the independence of the USA acknowledged? 1781 : British troops surrendered The treaty of Paris (1783)n - formally acknowledged the independence of the US - Fixed the boundaries of the US territory 1.3. Epilogue (Source: "When was the independence of the USA acknowledged? 1781 : British troops surrendered The treaty of Paris (1783)n - formally acknowledged the independence of the US - Fixed the boundaries of the US territory 1.3. Epilogue: Territorial expansion How did the US from 13 to 50 country")
76. Study this source detail: 2017/02/28/a-brief-history-of-american-exceptionalism/ Extracts from The Declaration of Independence, in Congress, July 4, 1776 When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the poli (Source: "2017/02/28/a-brief-history-of-american-exceptionalism/ Extracts from The Declaration of Independence, in Congress, July 4, 1776 When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers o")
77. Study this source detail: 1776) - radical pamphlet - Advocated American independence - Attacked the British monarchy 1 (Source: "1776) - radical pamphlet - Advocated American independence - Attacked the British monarchy 1")
78. Study this source detail: What political philosophy inspired them? Inspired by John Locke’s second treatise on civil government (1689) - natural rights : universal, inalienable, rights independent of laws (derived from the observation oh human na (Source: "What political philosophy inspired them? Inspired by John Locke’s second treatise on civil government (1689) - natural rights : universal, inalienable, rights independent of laws (derived from the observation oh human nature) - Legal rights : rights established by the law in a gi")
79. Study this source detail: The Indians - as the US expanded, Indians tribes were : —> deprived of their lands —> sent to reservations —> removed further West and deported - the trail of tears (1838) 1830 : the Indian removal act (president Jackson (Source: "The Indians - as the US expanded, Indians tribes were : —> deprived of their lands —> sent to reservations —> removed further West and deported - the trail of tears (1838) 1830 : the Indian removal act (president Jackson), nickname « the Indian killer » 1838 : deportation of 100,000 Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahoma - walked 1,500 miles and 25% died -")
80. Study this source detail: pts at a settlement in the « New World » —» region named « Virginia » —» Roanoke Island = « the lost colony » 2. Who founded them? The British Virginia company - first successful settlement : Jameson, Virginia in 1607 3. (Source: "pts at a settlement in the « New World » —» region named « Virginia » —» Roanoke Island = « the lost colony » 2. Who founded them? The British Virginia company - first successful settlement : Jameson, Virginia in 1607 3. What was the purpose of the first colonies? - co")
81. Study this source detail: ndians - gave them food - taught them how to plant corn - told them where to fish - 1621: « the first thanksgiving » 1.1.3. Symbolism 10. What did the Plymouth colony come to symbolise? The Plymouth colony - a story of o (Source: "ndians - gave them food - taught them how to plant corn - told them where to fish - 1621: « the first thanksgiving » 1.1.3. Symbolism 10. What did the Plymouth colony come to symbolise? The Plymouth colony - a story of origins for the US - A symbol of freedom and self-determi")
82. Study this source detail: 1630) - « we shall be as a city upon a hill the eyes of all people are upon us » Settlers had a godly mission on a providential land Would be a model for all nations - idea that unlike (contrairement à) other nations, th (Source: "1630) - « we shall be as a city upon a hill the eyes of all people are upon us » Settlers had a godly mission on a providential land Would be a model for all nations - idea that unlike (contrairement à) other nations, the American nation was founded on principles —> mission : to propagate freedom 12")
83. Study this source detail: When did the War for Independence take place? (1775-1783) Conflict intensified and the British escalated military pressure A continental army was organized in the colonies George Washington appointed general and commande (Source: "When did the War for Independence take place? (1775-1783) Conflict intensified and the British escalated military pressure A continental army was organized in the colonies George Washington appointed general and commander-in-chief 22. How did the colonies unite? How many colonies")
84. Study this source detail: n Revolution? Provided a justification for the American revolution : - enumeration of the « abuses » and « usurpations of great Britain - So legitimate to overturn such a tyrannical from a government 29. What political p (Source: "n Revolution? Provided a justification for the American revolution : - enumeration of the « abuses » and « usurpations of great Britain - So legitimate to overturn such a tyrannical from a government 29. What political philosophy inspired them? Inspired by Joh")
85. Study this source detail: the territories of Texas, Arizona, New Mexico and California 32. What happened during the “Trail of Tears”? The Indians - as the US expanded, Indians tribes were : —> deprived of their lands —> sent to reservations —> re (Source: "the territories of Texas, Arizona, New Mexico and California 32. What happened during the “Trail of Tears”? The Indians - as the US expanded, Indians tribes were : —> deprived of their lands —> sent to reservations —> removed further West and deported - the trail of")
86. Study this source detail: 1620: Plymouth 1 (Source: "1620: Plymouth 1")
87. Study this source detail: What are the origins of Thanksgiving? - had to cope with many problems - half of them died during winter - were assisted by Indians - gave them food - taught them how to plant corn - told them where to fish - 1621: « the (Source: "What are the origins of Thanksgiving? - had to cope with many problems - half of them died during winter - were assisted by Indians - gave them food - taught them how to plant corn - told them where to fish - 1621: « the first thanksgiving » 1.1.3. Symbolism 10. What did the Plym")
88. Study this source detail: How did they justify the American Revolution? Provided a justification for the American revolution : - enumeration of the « abuses » and « usurpations of great Britain - So legitimate to overturn such a tyrannical from a (Source: "How did they justify the American Revolution? Provided a justification for the American revolution : - enumeration of the « abuses » and « usurpations of great Britain - So legitimate to overturn such a tyrannical from a government 29. What political philosophy inspired them? Ins")
89. Study this source detail: What were the arguments supporting such expansionist policies? Indians : - were « savages » who only fished and hunted - Had to be removed from the land so that « civilization » could be introduced American destiny = to (Source: "What were the arguments supporting such expansionist policies? Indians : - were « savages » who only fished and hunted - Had to be removed from the land so that « civilization » could be introduced American destiny = to expand to the pacific in order to spread their democratic in")
90. Study this source detail: ation of north America Before the 17th century : - failed attempts at a settlement in the « New World » —» region named « Virginia » —» Roanoke Island = « the lost colony » 2. Who founded them? The British Virginia compa (Source: "ation of north America Before the 17th century : - failed attempts at a settlement in the « New World » —» region named « Virginia » —» Roanoke Island = « the lost colony » 2. Who founded them? The British Virginia company - first successful settlement : Jameson,")
91. Study this source detail: puritans - Religions disertes (= dissidents) in England - Not anglicans - Were persecuted « Separatists » Advocated a complete break from the church of England Decided to leave Europe 6.What constitutes Puritanism? A rel (Source: "puritans - Religions disertes (= dissidents) in England - Not anglicans - Were persecuted « Separatists » Advocated a complete break from the church of England Decided to leave Europe 6.What constitutes Puritanism? A religious movement in the 16th and 17th century")
92. Study this source detail: What happened on the day of the Boston Tea Party? The Boston tea party (December 16th 1773) Act, some colonists : disguised as Indians - went aboard tea-ships in Boston harbor - Dumped hundreds of cargoes of tea into the (Source: "What happened on the day of the Boston Tea Party? The Boston tea party (December 16th 1773) Act, some colonists : disguised as Indians - went aboard tea-ships in Boston harbor - Dumped hundreds of cargoes of tea into the ocean 21. When did the War for Independence take place? (17")
93. Study this source detail: What did Thomas Paine argue in his pamphlet Common Sense? 24. How did he influence Americans? + 23 Why ? Gorge III was unwilling to compromise Influence of common sense by Thomas Paine (January 1776) - radical pamphlet - (Source: "What did Thomas Paine argue in his pamphlet Common Sense? 24. How did he influence Americans? + 23 Why ? Gorge III was unwilling to compromise Influence of common sense by Thomas Paine (January 1776) - radical pamphlet - Advocated American independence - Attacked the British mona")
94. Study this source detail: When did the colonies declare their independence? July 4th 1776 - official birth of the US - Declaration of independence adopted by the continental congress - The indépendance Day 26. Who wrote the Declaration of Indepen (Source: "When did the colonies declare their independence? July 4th 1776 - official birth of the US - Declaration of independence adopted by the continental congress - The indépendance Day 26. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? Written by Thomas Jefferson (and others) 27. Who were")
95. Study this source detail: Epilogue: Territorial expansion How did the US from 13 to 50 country ? - In a unitary country - With an established and structured form of government 31. What were the various forms of territorial expansion used to form (Source: "Epilogue: Territorial expansion How did the US from 13 to 50 country ? - In a unitary country - With an established and structured form of government 31. What were the various forms of territorial expansion used to form the USA? After the independence : Americans settled in new l")
96. Study this source detail: What were the various forms of territorial expansion used to form the USA? After the independence : Americans settled in new lands to the west (of the Mississippi) 1780s : laws were passed to regulate the integration of (Source: "What were the various forms of territorial expansion used to form the USA? After the independence : Americans settled in new lands to the west (of the Mississippi) 1780s : laws were passed to regulate the integration of the new territories into the United States Purchase : Americ")

📅 Key Dates

Date	Event
1607	Founding of Jamestown
1619	Arrival of the first African slaves
1620	Pilgrims establish Plymouth Colony
1764	Sugar Act imposed
1765	Stamp Act imposed
1773	Boston Tea Party event

📊 Synthesis Tables

Colonial Economic and Political Causes

Cause	Impact
Taxation without representation	Colonial protests and boycotts
British monopolies and trade regulations	Colonial economic restrictions
Territorial expansion and land disputes	Native American displacement

Major Events Leading to American Independence

Event	Date
Boston Tea Party	December 16, 1773
Declaration of Independence	July 4, 1776
End of major conflict in Revolution	1781
Treaty of Paris recognizing independence	1783

⚠️ Common Pitfalls & Confusions

1. Confusing the motives of different colonies or groups
2. Misunderstanding the significance of the Mayflower Compact
3. Overgeneralizing the causes of the American Revolution
4. Confusing territorial expansion methods
5. Misinterpreting Native American displacement impacts
6. Assuming all colonies had the same religious motives
7. Overlooking the influence of Enlightenment ideas

✅ Exam Checklist

1. Identify the founding year of Jamestown.
2. Explain the religious motives behind Plymouth Colony.
3. Describe the significance of the Mayflower Compact.
4. Summarize the causes of colonial unrest leading to the Revolution.
5. Discuss the impact of the Boston Tea Party.
6. Outline the main points of the Declaration of Independence.
7. Describe the territorial expansion methods of the US post-independence.
8. Explain the effects of expansion on Native American tribes.
9. Identify key dates related to the American Revolution.
10. Understand the influence of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense.
11. Describe the significance of the Louisiana Purchase.
12. Explain the Trail of Tears and its impact.