Atherosclerosis Revision Sheet

1. 📌 Essentials

• Definition: Progressive buildup of LDL cholesterol-rich fatty deposits in arterial walls forming atheromatous plaques.
• Affected arteries: Primarily coronary, carotid, peripheral arteries.
• ** process:** Endothelial dysfunction → fatty streak → fibrous plaque → complicated lesion.
• Major risk factors: Hypercholesterolemia (>160 mg/dl LDL), hypertension, smoking, diabetes.
• Plaque stability: Collagen-rich → stable; Lipid-rich → vulnerable/unstable.
• Critical stenosis: Occlusion >70-75% causes ischemia symptoms.
• Complications: Plaque rupture → thrombosis → vessel occlusion → infarction.
• Clinical manifestations: Asymptomatic initially; symptoms arise from chronic ischemia or acute thrombosis.
• Progression timeline: Begins early in life, becomes symptomatic around ages 35-40.
• Major outcomes: Chronic ischemia, acute MI, stroke, gangrene.

2. 🧩 Key Structures & Components

• Endothelium: Innermost arterial lining, initiates atherogenesis when dysfunctional.
• LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein): Carries cholesterol into the arterial wall.
• Foam cells: Lipid-laden macrophages from monocytes.
• Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMCs): Migrate, proliferate, produce collagen.
• Fibrous cap: Collagen-rich layer covering the lipid core.
• Lipid core: Necrotic, cholesterol-rich necrotic debris.
• Plaque components:
  • Stable plaque: Thick fibrous cap, lipid.
  • Unstable plaque: Thin fibrous cap, large lipid necrotic core.

3. 🔬 Functions, Mechanisms & Relationships

• Endothelial dysfunction allows LDL infiltration and oxidation.
• Oxidized LDL attracts monocytes that enter intima → convert to foam cells.
• Foam cells form fatty streaks, an early lesion in atherogenesis.
• VSMCs migrate from media to intima, proliferate, produce collagen → stabilize plaque.
• Lipid accumulation enlarges necrotic core, thinning fibrous cap in vulnerable plaques.
• Plaque rupture exposes thrombogenic material → thrombus formation.
• Thrombus can cause partial or complete vessel occlusion, resulting in ischemia or infarction.
• Progressive narrowing of arteries impairs blood flow → clinical symptoms.

4. 📊 Comparative Table

5. 🗂️ Hierarchical Diagram

Atherosclerosis
 ├─ Endothelial Dysfunction
 │    ├─ LDL Infiltration & Oxidation
 │    └─ Monocyte Adhesion
 ├─ Fatty Streak
 │    ├─ Foam Cell Formation
 │    └─ Initial Lesion
 ├─ Fibrous Plaque
 │    ├─ VSMC Migration & Collagen Deposition
 │    └─ Lipid Core Development
 ├─ Complicated Plaque
 │    ├─ Rupture / Fissure
 │    └─ Thrombus Formation

6. ⚠️ High-Yield Pitfalls & Confusions

• Mistaking stable plaques (fibrous, collagen-rich) for unstable ones.
• Confusing foam cells with degenerating smooth muscle cells.
• Underestimating early lesions like fatty streaks as benign or unimportant.
• Thinking that significant stenosis always correlates with symptoms.
• Overlooking the role of plaque rupture over size in clinical events.
• Confusing atherosclerosis with arteriosclerosis (general arterial stiffening).
• Misidentifying risk factors; e.g., assuming only cholesterol causes plaque.
• Ignoring the importance of VSMC stability in plaque rupture.

7. ✅ Final Exam Checklist

• Define atherosclerosis and its key features.
• List common arteries affected by atheromatosis.
• Describe stages of atherogenesis.
• Explain the difference between stable and unstable plaques.
• Recall major risk factors: hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes.
• Identify critical stenosis threshold (>70-75%).
• Recognize clinical syndromes: stable angina, MI, stroke, peripheral ischemia.
• Understand the pathophysiology of plaque rupture and thrombosis.
• Know the composition of atheromatous plaques.
• Differentiate early fatty streaks from advanced plaques.
• Describe how VSMCs contribute to plaque stability.
• Recognize that plaques can be asymptomatic for decades.
• Recall that lipid core and thin fibrous cap predispose to rupture.
• Interpret histological features of stable vs vulnerable plaques.
• Understand the timeline from early lesion to clinical symptoms.
• Be aware of complications: thrombosis, infarction, gangrene---