What does personality refer to?
An individual's unique set of consistent behavioural traits.
What are personality traits?
Persistent patterns of differences in thoughts, emotions, behaviour, and motivations.
Which five traits does the Big Five model measure?
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.
Who first proposed the Big Five approach and when?
Tupes and Christal in 1961/1992.
What characterizes high Openness in personality?
Curiosity, flexibility, creativity, artistic interests, and openness to new ideas.
What characterizes low Openness in personality?
Resistance to new information, limited artistic interest, and dislike of change.
What traits define high Conscientiousness?
Self-control, organisation, diligence, discipline, punctuality, reliability, and perseverance.
What traits define low Conscientiousness?
Poor work ethics, unreliability, and disorganisation.
Into which three parts did Freud divide personality?
Id, ego, and superego.
Which principle does the id follow according to Freud?
The pleasure principle.
What principle does the ego follow in Freud's theory?
The reality principle.
What does the superego represent in Freud's personality structure?
Moral standards.
What does consciousness contain in Freud's model?
What a person is immediately aware of.
What type of information is in the preconscious according to Freud?
Information that can be readily retrieved.
What does the unconscious contain in Freud's theory?
Deeply buried thoughts, memories, desires, and emotions that influence behaviour.
What produces anxiety according to Freud?
Conflict between sexual and aggressive impulses.
What do defence mechanisms protect a person from?
Unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt.
By what age did Freud say personality begins to develop?
By the age of 5.
What are psychosexual stages?
Developmental periods with a characteristic sexual or erotic focus.
What impact do psychosexual stages have on adult personality?
They leave a mark on adult personality.
What is fixation in psychosexual development?
Failure to progress from one psychosexual stage to the next as expected.
What does Jung's personal unconscious contain?
An individual's repressed or temporarily inaccessible thoughts, memories, and experiences.
What does Jung's collective unconscious contain?
Inherited, shared material across humanity.
What are complexes according to Jung?
Groups of thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and memories centred around a concept.
What increases a complex's influence?
Having more elements attached to it.
What did Jung argue about inherited material in the collective unconscious?
It helps people respond adaptively and improves survival chances across generations.
What are archetypes according to Carl Jung?
Emotionally charged images and thought forms with universal meaning.
What does the animus represent in Jung's archetypes?
The masculine side of females.
What does the anima represent in Jung's archetypes?
The feminine side of males.
How did Jung describe the persona?
Behaviour developed to get along with others.
What is the shadow in Jung's personality theory?
Primitive thoughts.
What role does the self play in Jung's personality model?
It unites all parts of personality.
Which two personality attitudes did Jung identify?
Extraversion and introversion.
Who introduced the concepts of archetypes, animus, anima, persona, shadow, self, extraversion, and introversion?
Carl Jung.
Who argued that personality develops through striving for superiority?
Alfred Adler.
What motivates personality development according to Adler?
The motivation to strive for superiority.
What is an inferiority complex?
Feeling weak and helpless due to perceived inadequacy.
Who defined the inferiority complex?
Alfred Adler.
What is compensation in Adler's theory?
Effort to overcome real or imagined inferiority by developing abilities.
Who introduced the concept of compensation?
Alfred Adler.
What is overcompensation?
Overworking to conceal exaggerated inferiority.
Give examples of overcompensation behaviors.
Using expensive cars, clothes, power, or money.
What does the behavioural perspective explain personality through?
Observable behaviour and environmental factors.
What does behavioural determinism propose about behaviour?
It is fully determined by environmental stimuli.
According to behavioural determinism, what does personality consist of?
Response tendencies tied to situations.
What does classical conditioning explain in learning?
Development of responses through associations between stimuli.
Who is associated with classical conditioning?
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov.
How does operant conditioning explain personality?
As a product of environmental consequences.
What effect do rewards have in operant conditioning?
They strengthen behaviour.
What effect does punishment have in operant conditioning?
It reduces responses.
Test your knowledge with 20 questions on Personality Psychology Perspectives.
1. Which description best distinguishes a personality trait from a temporary behavior?
2. Which set correctly lists the five dimensions represented by the acronym OCEAN?
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