Study sheet: Foundations of Spanish

Course Outline

  1. Spanish Numbers 0–100
  2. Feminine Noun Patterns
  3. Masculine Noun Patterns
  4. Gender-Neutral Nouns
  5. The Spanish Alphabet
  6. Greetings and Farewells
  7. Introductions and Courtesy

1. Spanish Numbers 0–100

★ Must-know

  • The Spanish numbers from 0 to 15 are cero, uno, dos, tres, cuatro, cinco, seis, siete, ocho, nueve, diez, once, doce, trece, catorce, and quince.

  • The Spanish numbers from 16 to 29 are dieciséis, diecisiete, dieciocho, diecinueve, veinte, veintiuno, veintidós, veintitrés, veinticuatro, veinticinco, veintiséis, veintisiete, veintiocho, and veintinueve.

📌 For numbers from 31 to 99 that are not exact tens, Spanish uses the conjunction y between the tens and the unit, as in treinta y ocho and cincuenta y cinco.

Further detail

  • The Spanish tens are:
    • treinta
    • cuarenta
    • cincuenta
    • sesenta
    • setenta
    • ochenta
    • noventa
    • cien

Memory Hook

0–15, 16–19, 20s, tens, then 100

2. Feminine Noun Patterns

★ Must-know

  • Examples of feminine nouns ending in -a include:

    • la chica
    • la computadora
    • la cosa
    • la escuela
    • la fotografía
    • la maleta
    • la palabra
    • la pasajera
  • Feminine pattern examples include:

    • la conductora
    • la profesora
    • la comunidad
    • la nacionalidad
    • la lección
    • la conversación

Further detail

  • The feminine nouns la mujer, la capital, and la mano do not follow the listed patterns and must be memorized.

Memory Hook

A–ORA–DAD–CIÓN

3. Masculine Noun Patterns

★ Must-know

  • Examples of masculine nouns ending in -o include:

    • el chico
    • el cuaderno
    • el diario
    • el diccionario
    • el número
    • el video
    • el pasajero
  • Masculine pattern examples include:

    • el conductor
    • el profesor
    • el problema
    • el programa
    • el autobús
    • el país

Further detail

  • The masculine nouns el día, el hombre, el lápiz, and el mapa do not follow the listed patterns and must be memorized.

Memory Hook

-o, -or, -ma, and -s are masculine patterns, unlike many feminine endings

4. Gender-Neutral Nouns

Essential Points

  • Gender-neutral nouns include:
    • estudiante
    • joven
    • turista

Memory Hook

The noun stays the same, but the article changes: el/la estudiante

5. The Spanish Alphabet

★ Must-know

  • The Spanish alphabet includes the letters ch, ñ, and rr, whose names are che, enye, and erre.

📌 The Spanish letter h is always silent, while j is pronounced like the English h.

Further detail

📌 Spanish c can have the sounds ka, se, si, ko, or ku, and Spanish g can have the sounds ga, he, hi, go, or gu.

Memory Hook

A silent h, an ñ with a tilde, and rr with a long trill

6. Greetings and Farewells

Essential Points

  • Common Spanish greetings are:

    • Hola
    • Buenos días
    • Buenas tardes
    • Buenas noches
    • Bienvenido/a(s)
  • Common Spanish farewells are:

    • Adiós
    • ¡Nos vemos!
    • Hasta luego
    • Hasta la vista
    • Hasta pronto
    • Hasta mañana
    • Saludos a...
    • Chao

Memory Hook

Hola → buenos días/tardes/noches → adiós or nos vemos

7. Introductions and Courtesy

★ Must-know

📌 The formal question ¿Cómo se llama usted? contrasts with the familiar question ¿Cómo te llamas (tú)? for asking someone's name.

  • To introduce oneself, Spanish uses (Yo) Me llamo..., and to ask the other person's name it uses ¿Y usted? formally or ¿Y tú? familiarly.

  • To say where someone is from, Spanish uses ¿De dónde es usted? formally, ¿De dónde eres (tú)? familiarly, and (Yo) Soy de... for I am from.

  • Spanish courtesy expressions include:

    • Con permiso
    • Perdón
    • De nada
    • No hay de qué
    • Lo siento
    • Muchas gracias
    • por favor

Further detail

  • Possible Spanish responses include:

    • ¿Qué hay de nuevo?
    • ¿Qué pasa?
    • Nada
    • ¿Qué tal?
    • (Muy) bien
    • Gracias
    • No muy bien
    • Regular
    • Mal
  • Spanish titles include:

    • señor (Sr.)
    • don
    • señora (Sra.)
    • doña
    • señorita (Srta.)

Memory Hook

Formal usted contrasts with familiar tú

Synthesis Tables

Formal and Familiar Forms

FunctionFormal ustedFamiliar tú
Ask a name¿Cómo se llama usted?¿Cómo te llamas (tú)?
Ask the other person's name¿Y usted?¿Y tú?
Ask where someone is from¿De dónde es usted?¿De dónde eres (tú)?
Ask how someone is¿Cómo está usted?¿Cómo estás (tú)?

Test your knowledge

Test your knowledge on Foundations of Spanish with 9 multiple-choice questions with detailed corrections.

1. Spanish numbers from 31 to 99 are formed as follows:

2. What is the range of numbers in Spanish from zero to one hundred?

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Review with flashcards

Memorize the key concepts of Foundations of Spanish with 11 interactive flashcards.

What are the Spanish numbers from 0 to 15?

Cero, uno, dos, tres, cuatro, cinco, seis, siete, ocho, nueve, diez, once, doce, trece, catorce, quince.

Spanish Numbers 0–15

Cero, uno, dos, tres, cuatro, cinco, seis, siete, ocho, nueve, diez, once, doce, trece, catorce, quince.

How do you connect tens and units in Spanish numbers 31 to 99?

With the conjunction y between the tens and the unit.

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