Flashcard: Ancient Civilizations and Political Systems — 23 carte

Human development — focus?

How humans respond to changing circumstances.

Neolithic Age — period?

8000 to 4000 BC, marked by agriculture.

Paleolithic Age — tools?

Crude stone tools.

Civilisation — definition?

Complex culture with shared elements.

Historical epochs — examples?

Mesopotamia, Egypt, China.

Capitalism vs Socialism — contrast?

Private ownership vs collective ownership.

City-state — feature?

Self-governing political entity.

Sumerians — contribution?

Earliest city-states in Mesopotamia.

Hammurabi — famous for?

Code of Hammurabi, law codification.

Assyrians — governance?

Centralized authority, empire expansion.

Fall of Persia — causes?

Internal issues, invasions, revolts.

Greek city-states — citizen role?

Active participation in governance.

Egyptian kingdoms — periods?

Old, Middle, New Kingdoms.

Chinese dynasties — examples?

Shang, Qin, Han.

Shang Dynasty — features?

Early Chinese writing, bronze.

Qin Dynasty — achievement?

Unified China, centralized rule.

Han Dynasty — contribution?

Territorial expansion, Confucianism.

The Zhou system — key concept?

Mandate of Heaven.

Roman republic — structure?

Patricians, plebeians, consuls.

Roman Empire — expansion?

Italy, Mediterranean, beyond.

Fall of Persian Empire — reason?

Overextension, invasions, internal decline.

Greek city-states — governance?

Participatory, local self-governance.

Egyptian kingdoms — achievements?

Pyramids, stability, territorial growth.