Flashcard: Animal Tissues — 40 carte

What does epithelial tissue form in most animals?

The outer protective layer.

Where is squamous epithelium found?

In the lining of the oesophagus and mouth.

What is the structure of stratified squamous epithelium?

Multiple layers of squamous epithelial cells.

What type of cells make up columnar epithelium?

Elongated, pillar-like cells.

Where does ciliated columnar epithelium occur?

In the respiratory tract, fallopian tubes, and bronchioles.

What feature distinguishes ciliated columnar epithelium?

The presence of cilia on its cells.

What shape are cuboidal epithelium cells?

Cuboidal (cube-shaped).

What functions does cuboidal epithelium provide?

Mechanical support and gland formation.

What does connective tissue contain besides scattered living cells?

An abundant matrix that connects, binds, packs, and supports body structures.

What are the major functions of connective tissue?

Binding structures, supporting structures, and packing materials.

What type of tissue is blood classified as?

A fluid connective tissue.

Where does blood flow in the body?

Inside blood vessels through the pumping activity of the heart.

What is the pH of blood?

7.4.

What percentage of blood is fluid plasma?

55%.

What percentage of blood is blood cells?

45%.

What are the three types of blood cells?

Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leucocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).

What type of tissue is bone described as?

Bone is a very long, rigid, solid, and non-flexible tissue.

What compounds compose the hard matrix embedding bone cells?

Calcium and phosphorus compounds compose the bone matrix.

What is the role of bones in the body?

Bones form the endoskeleton, support soft parts, and protect organs.

What does a ligament connect?

A ligament binds one bone to another.

Why can ligaments allow bending and rotation around joints?

Because ligament tissue is very elastic.

What is the primary function of adipose tissue?

Adipose tissue stores fat in reserve.

How does adipose tissue protect internal organs?

It forms a thick absorbing cushion around internal organs.

What additional role does adipose tissue have besides fat storage and cushioning?

It provides shape to various body parts.

What is muscular tissue?

Contractile tissue with contractile proteins inside cells held by connective tissue.

What shape and band pattern do striated muscle fibres have?

Long, cylindrical, unbranched cells with alternating light and dark bands.

Where do striated muscle fibres occur in the body?

In arms, legs, hands, feet, neck, body wall, and tongue.

What is the shape and nucleus placement of smooth muscle fibres?

Spindle-shaped cells with a centrally placed single oval or spindle-like nucleus.

Where do smooth muscle fibres occur and what is their fatigue characteristic?

In posterior oesophagus, stomach, intestine, blood vessels, urinary bladder; they contract without fatigue.

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle fibres?

Branched, striated, involuntary, and non-fatiguing fibres in the heart wall.

What produces the pumping activity of the heart?

Contraction and relaxation of cardiac muscle fibres.

How do cardiac muscle fibres beat?

Continuously and rhythmically without fatigue.

What is the main function of nervous tissue?

It transmits stimuli and impulses.

What structures do nervous and connective tissue cells form together?

The brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

What are the main parts of a neuron?

A cell body, many short dendrites, and one long axon.

How long can a neuron’s axon be?

Up to a metre in length.

What does the cell body (cyton) contain?

The nucleus and neuroplasm (cytoplasm).

What important organelle is absent in the cell body?

Centrioles are absent.

Which direction do dendrites transmit impulses?

Toward the cell body (cyton).

Which direction does the axon carry impulses?

Away from the cell body.