Flashcard: Carbonyl Chemistry Masterclass — 18 carte

Carbonyl group — structure?

C=O double bond, sp2 hybridized carbon.

Aldehydes — nomenclature?

Named with -al suffix, chain numbered from aldehyde carbon.

Ketones — nomenclature?

Named with -one suffix, numbered from nearest carbonyl.

Preparation of aldehydes?

Oxidation of primary alcohols with PCC.

Preparation of ketones?

Oxidation of secondary alcohols with K₂Cr₂O₇.

Physical property — boiling point?

Higher than hydrocarbons, lower than alcohols.

Physical property — solubility?

Soluble in water if small; decreases with chain length.

Reactions — key type?

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon.

Reactivity — aldehyde vs ketone?

Aldehydes are generally more reactive.

Carboxyl group structure?

Carbonyl attached to hydroxyl (-COOH).

Resonance in carboxylates?

Negative charge delocalized over two oxygens.

Acidity influenced by?

Electron-withdrawing groups increase acidity.

Derivatives of carboxylic acids?

Esters, amides, acyl chlorides, anhydrides.

Preparation of benzaldehyde?

Side chain chlorination and hydrolysis.

Industrial synthesis of benzaldehyde?

Chromyl chloride oxidation and Gatterman-Koch reaction.

Applications of aldehydes?

Flavors, fragrances, solvents, plastics.

Applications of ketones?

Solvents, starting materials in synthesis.

Key reaction mechanism?

Nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon.