Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry in Biology

📋 Course Outline

1. Carbon Bonding
2. Organic Molecules Classes
3. Hydrocarbon Structures
4. Functional Groups
5. Isomers Types
6. Water Reactions
7. Macromolecules and Polymers
8. Carbohydrate Types
9. Lipid Functions
10. Protein Structure Levels
11. Nucleic Acid Components

📖 1. Carbon Bonding

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Carbon forms a great variety of chain and ring structures: Carbon’s ability to create diverse arrangements of atoms, including long chains and cyclic rings, underpins the complexity of organic molecules (Russell, 2021).
• Carbon has four unpaired outer electrons: This tetravalent nature allows carbon to form four covalent bonds with other atoms, enabling the construction of complex and stable molecules (Russell, 2021).
• Carbon atoms bond covalently to each other and to other atoms in molecules: The sharing of electron pairs through covalent bonds between carbon and other atoms creates stable structures essential for organic chemistry (Russell, 2021).
• Molecules consisting of carbon linked only to hydrogen atoms are called hydrocarbons: These are simple organic molecules composed solely of carbon and hydrogen, fundamental to many organic compounds (Russell, 2021).
• Single, double, and triple bonds in carbon compounds: Carbon can form various types of covalent bonds—single, double, or triple—affecting the molecule’s shape, reactivity, and properties (Russell, 2021).
• **Organic molecules are complex…