Number Theory Fundamentals

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Course Outline

  1. Division Algorithm
  2. Divisibility and Linear Combinations
  3. Quotients and Remainders
  4. Modular Arithmetic
  5. Prime Factorization
  6. Prime Numbers and Theorems
  7. Greatest Common Divisor
  8. Euclid's Algorithm
  9. Extended Euclidean Algorithm
  10. Multiplicative Inverse

1. Division Algorithm

Key Concepts & Definitions

  • Division Algorithm:
    The theorem stating that for any integer aa and positive integer dd, there exist unique integers qq (quotient) and rr (remainder) such that:
    a=dq+rwith0r<da = dq + r \quad \text{with} \quad 0 \leq r < d
    This guarantees the existence and uniqueness of the quotient and remainder when dividing integers.

  • Quotients and Remainders:
    The results of division, where the quotient qq is the integer part of the division, and the remainder rr is what is left over, satisfying 0r<d0 \leq r < d.

  • Integer Division Definitions:
    In the context of the Division Algorithm, the quotient qq and remainder rr are defined such that:
    a=dq+ra = dq + r with the specified bounds on rr. The quotient and remainder are uniquely determined by this relation.

  • Procedural Version of the Division Algorithm:
    A step-by-step method to compute qq and rr for given integers aa and positive integer dd. It involves iterative subtraction or division steps to find the unique qq and rr satisfying the relation, ensuring 0r<d0 \leq r < d.

Essential Points

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Anteprima del quiz

1. What is the primary role of the division algorithm in number theory?

2. Who is credited with formulating the theorem that if a number divides two integers, then it divides any linear combination of those integers?

3. How do the quotient and remainder of a division fundamentally differ from each other?

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Anteprima delle flashcard

Division Algorithm — statement?

Unique $q, r$ with $a = dq + r$, $0 \\leq r < d$.

Divisibility — relation?

Exists $k$ with $b = ak$.

Linear combination — form?

$ax + by$, with integers $x, y$.

Quotients and Remainders — result?

From division: $a = bq + r$, with $0 \\leq r < b$.

Modular arithmetic — relation?

$a \\equiv b \\ ( ext{mod } m)$ if $m$ divides $a - b$.

Prime number — definition?

Divisible only by 1 and itself.

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Domande frequenti

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