Quiz: Pathology of Tumors and Glomerulonephritis — 10 perguntas

1. What is membranous glomerulonephritis primarily characterized by?

A. Subendothelial immune deposits and mesangial proliferation

B. Electron-dense thickening of the basement membrane with spike formation due to immune complex deposits

C. Intramembranous dense deposits associated with complement activation

D. Mesangial IgA deposits with episodic hematuria

Answer: (B)

Explicação

Membranous glomerulonephritis is characterized by electron-dense thickening of the glomerular basement membrane caused by immune complex deposits on the subepithelial side, leading to spike and dome appearance histologically.

2. Which genetic translocation is associated with bcl-2 overexpression in follicular lymphoma?

A. t(2;5) in anaplastic large cell lymphoma

B. t(11;14) in mantle cell lymphoma

C. t(8;14) in Burkitt lymphoma

D. t(10;18) in follicular lymphoma

Answer: (D)

Explicação

The t(10;18)(q24;q21) translocation results in the overexpression of bcl-2, which is characteristic of follicular lymphoma. This translocation inhibits apoptosis, promoting tumor cell survival. The other options are associated with different lymphomas: t(11;14) with mantle cell lymphoma, t(2;5) with ALCL, and t(8;14) with Burkitt lymphoma.

3. What is the primary role of specific genetic translocations such as t(11;14) and t(2;5) in lymphoma subtypes?

A. They are used to assess the tumor's stage and size.

B. They serve as diagnostic markers for specific lymphoma subtypes.

C. They directly influence the tumor's metastatic potential.

D. They determine the tumor's response to chemotherapy.

Answer: (B)

Explicação

Genetic translocations like t(11;14) in mantle cell lymphoma and t(2;5) in ALCL are primarily used as diagnostic markers, helping to identify and classify specific lymphoma subtypes based on their unique genetic features.

4. When was the electron-dense thickening of the basement membrane due to immune complex deposits in membranous glomerulonephritis first established as a key feature?

A. 1920s

B. 1950s

C. 1970s

D. 1990s

Answer: (B)

Explicação

The characteristic electron-dense thickening of the basement membrane caused by immune complex deposits in membranous glomerulonephritis was first clearly established and described in the 1950s, marking a significant development in understanding the disease's pathology.

5. How does dysgerminoma differ from embryonal carcinoma and teratocarcinoma of the ovary?

A. Dysgerminoma is histologically similar to seminoma, whereas embryonal carcinoma and teratocarcinoma are more aggressive and contain primitive or mixed tissues.

B. Dysgerminoma is more aggressive than embryonal carcinoma and teratocarcinoma, which are benign.

C. Dysgerminoma produces high levels of AFP, unlike embryonal carcinoma and teratocarcinoma.

D. Dysgerminoma arises from surface epithelium, while embryonal carcinoma and teratocarcinoma originate from stromal tissue.

Answer: (A)

Explicação

Dysgerminoma is histologically similar to seminoma and generally less aggressive, whereas embryonal carcinoma is highly malignant with primitive cells, and teratocarcinoma contains both mature and immature tissues, indicating a different level of differentiation and aggressiveness.

6. Who is credited with describing the characteristic nodular glomerulosclerosis in diabetic nephropathy?

A. Giemsa

B. Gell

C. Gallo

D. Kimmelstiel and Wilson

Answer: (D)

Explicação

Kimmelstiel and Wilson (1936) are credited with first describing the distinctive nodular glomerulosclerosis, known as Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules, in diabetic nephropathy, making them the correct attribution for this histological feature.

7. What is a common cause of neoplastic lesions such as follicular lymphoma?

A. Chronic inflammation

B. Genetic translocation leading to gene overexpression

C. Environmental carcinogen exposure

D. Viral infection

Answer: (B)

Explicação

A common cause of neoplastic lesions like follicular lymphoma is a genetic translocation, such as t(10;18), which results in overexpression of the anti-apoptotic protein bcl-2, promoting tumor development.

8. In histology, how is the formation of basement membrane spikes used in the diagnosis of glomerular diseases?

A. Observation of thickened basement membrane without spike formation in diabetic nephropathy

B. Identification of subendothelial immune deposits in MPGN

C. Recognition of immune complex deposits on the outer basement membrane in membranous glomerulonephritis

D. Detection of mesangial IgA deposits in IgA nephropathy

Answer: (C)

Explicação

The formation of basement membrane spikes is a characteristic histological feature of membranous glomerulonephritis, caused by immune complex deposits on the outer basement membrane leading to spike and dome appearance, which helps in diagnosing this specific disease.

9. Which genetic abnormality is associated with overexpression of bcl-2 in follicular lymphoma?

A. t(11;14) translocation

B. t(8;14) translocation

C. t(2;5) translocation

D. t(10;18) translocation

Answer: (D)

Explicação

The t(10;18) translocation is characteristic of follicular lymphoma and results in the overexpression of the anti-apoptotic protein bcl-2, promoting tumor cell survival. The other translocations are associated with different lymphomas or conditions: t(11;14) with mantle cell lymphoma, t(2;5) with anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and t(8;14) with Burkitt lymphoma.

10. What does tumor staging refer to?

A. A system for classifying tumor histological types

B. A technique for detecting tumor genetic mutations

C. A process for classifying cancer based on extent of spread

D. A method for measuring tumor size only

Answer: (C)

Explicação

Tumor staging is a process that classifies the extent of cancer based on tumor size, invasion, lymph node involvement, and metastasis, which helps in prognosis and treatment planning.