What does systemic psychology distinguish in an exchange?
The content of the exchange from the relational dynamics surrounding it.
What often happens in conflicts according to systemic psychology?
An escalation where each person attempts to dominate the other.
What is metacommunication?
Communication about the content and its effect on the relationship.
In what settings can systemic psychology be practiced?
Individually, with families or groups, and with couples.
What does family and systemic therapy primarily focus on?
Relational dynamics within the family.
Where did the systemic movement mainly develop during the twentieth century?
In the United States.
What does general systems theory examine?
Interactions between different parts of a system.
What does cybernetics study?
Systems of control and communication.
Why is it impossible not to communicate?
Because every behavior conveys a message.
What are the two levels every communication has?
Content level and relationship level.
Why do participants punctuate communication sequences differently?
Each sees their behavior as a response and underestimates its influence on the other.
What distinguishes symmetrical from complementary interactions?
Symmetrical is based on equality; complementary is based on difference and role completion.
What does the Kinderman model explain psychological problems as?
Interactions among biological, social, and circumstantial factors affecting psychological processes.
What does relational interdependence mean in interpersonal influence?
Each person continually influences and is influenced by the other's emotions, cognitions, and behaviors.
On what does a person's influence on another depend?
The meaning the other assigns to behavior and context, not just the person's intention.
How does a sense of relational influence differ from a sense of control?
A person can affect the relationship but cannot control the other person.
When does alienation appear in interpersonal relations?
When a person receives insufficient recognition for their inner experience from others.
What do direct interpersonal perceptions express?
What a person thinks about themselves or another person.
What do indirect interpersonal perceptions concern?
What a person thinks another person thinks about them or someone else.
From what do interpersonal conflicts often arise?
Indirect perceptions.
How do clients often treat indirect perceptions?
As truths rather than interpretations.
What are social representations?
Shared meanings within a society and culture.
What do social representations form?
The symbolic space where people think, feel, and act.
What do social perspectives result from?
Combining interpersonal perceptions with social representations.
What do social perspectives describe?
How shared norms and meanings influence personal interpretations and exchanges.
What does Type One Change use in problem situations?
Familiar solutions.
What negative effect can Type One Change have on behavior?
It may increase the frequency of the behavior it aims to reduce.
What happens in a coercive-refusal escalation?
One person becomes directive and coercive, the other refuses.
How does refusal affect the coercive person's behavior in escalation?
It intensifies the coercive behavior in a vicious circle.
What are the three characteristics of Type Two Change?
It is unexpected, contrary to common sense, and contains an enigmatic element.
What does the enigmatic element in Type Two Change do?
It disrupts habitual reaction patterns.
What defines a double bind in communication?
Being subjected to two contradictory or incompatible pressures.
What does the Palo Alto school say maintains difficulties in therapy?
Repetitive feedback loops maintain difficulties until context changes.
How does the Palo Alto school view the therapist's influence on therapy?
The therapist’s personal work and interpretive filter affect therapy.
What role does a symptom play in Haley’s strategic approach?
A symptom functions as a relational tactic influencing others.
When does a psychiatric symptom exist according to Jay Haley?
When patient behavior strongly influences others and shows lack of control.
What is a two-generation conflict in family pathology?
A conflict involving two generations, sometimes three.
What is an illegitimate alliance in a three-level hierarchy?
When the higher person allies with the lower and disqualifies the intermediate.
What does a family boundary define in a family subsystem?
Who belongs to the family subsystem and organizes interactions within and outside it.
What do clear and flexible family boundaries allow?
Exchanges with the outside while preserving subsystem integrity, stability, and balance.
What do rigid family boundaries do?
They restrict exchanges with the outside.
What effect do diffuse family boundaries have?
They weaken integrity and make roles difficult to define.
What does the family life cycle describe?
How a family changes through stages and life events.
What can transitions in the family life cycle produce?
Crises, increased stress, and the need for a new balance.
What is a family script?
A shared set of expectations and repetitive interactions specifying role performance in contexts.
What does ethical balance represent in Boszormenyi-Nagy’s contextual approach?
The merits and debts exchanged within a relationship, including children’s vertical loyalty to parents.
Who founded the Milan school in systemic therapy?
Mara Selvini-Palazzoli founded the Milan school.
Why does contemporary systemic psychology question circular causality in partner violence?
Because it can reduce the aggressor's responsibility by linking both partners' behaviors.
What role may the aggressor's personality play in intimate-partner violence?
It may play a greater role in initiating and maintaining violence.
What duration of follow-up may systemic therapies include according to Gurman (2001)?
Follow-up may last from 3 to 12 months.
What types of systemic interventions exist based on the target group?
They may be individual, couple-based, or family-based.
What specific difficulties can systemic interventions target?
They can target infidelity, intimate-partner violence, adolescent depression, or adult alcoholism.
What three elements must be balanced for a well-functioning couple?
Commitment, intimacy, and passion must be balanced.
What are the steps involved in narrative re-authoring?
Identifying recent actions, linking to values, finding past similar actions, concluding about identity, imagining future expressions.
What are the main phases of systemic therapy?
Appointment planning, evaluation, therapy, and disengagement.
What is discussed during the disengagement phase of systemic therapy?
Session spacing, achieved changes, their durability, and future challenges.
Name one method used during evaluation in systemic therapy.
An evaluation contract.
What is the therapeutic alliance in systemic therapy?
A collaborative relationship supporting systemic therapy.
What components make up the therapeutic alliance?
Relational bond, agreement on goals, and consensus on interventions and tasks.
What does Friedlander and Escudero’s System for Observing Family Therapy Alliances assess?
The therapeutic alliance.
What does the family coat of arms explore?
Family values, strengths, and history.
What is a genogram in family therapy?
A graphic representation connecting present family with past events and emotions.
How can a genogram be read structurally?
For family composition.
What does the horizontal perspective examine in family context?
The family context in the present.
What does the vertical perspective trace in family analysis?
Several generations to identify repetitive patterns.
What is a secret that transpires in a family?
Known by some members but sensed as dysfunction by others.
What is a shared secret in a family?
Known by everyone without each knowing others know.
What does sculpting represent in systemic intervention?
Relationships and roles through physical positioning.
Teste seu conhecimento com 34 perguntas sobre Systemic Psychology.
1. In systemic psychology, what is a conflict likely to involve beyond the literal topic being discussed?
2. Which statement best defines metacommunication?
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