Flashcards: Foundations of Chemistry: Principles and Applications — 48 cartões

Atomic nucleus — composition?

Protons and neutrons

Atomic nucleus — composition?

Protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Electrons — location?

Orbiting the nucleus in shells

Electrons — location?

Orbiting the nucleus in energy levels

Atomic number — role?

Defines the element

Atomic number — role?

Defines the element, number of protons

Mass number — total?

Protons plus neutrons

Mass number — what?

Protons plus neutrons in nucleus

Isotopes — difference?

Different neutrons, same element

Isotopes — difference?

Same element, different neutrons

Periodic table — organization?

By increasing atomic number

Periodic table — organizes?

Elements by increasing atomic number

Group 1 elements — reactivity?

Highly reactive, alkali metals

Group — same?

Similar chemical properties, same outer electrons

Group 7 elements — example?

Halogens, e.g., chlorine

Period — features?

Same number of electron shells

Ionic bonding — mechanism?

Transfer of electrons between metal and non-metal

Ionic bond — formed?

Between metals and non-metals

Covalent bonding — sharing?

Electron pairs between non-metals

Covalent bond — mechanism?

Atoms share electron pairs

Metallic bond — characteristic?

Delocalized electrons, conductivity

Metallic bond — property?

Delocalized electrons, conducts electricity

Simple molecular substances — example?

Water, CO₂

Simple molecular substances — example?

Water, oxygen, low melting points

Giant covalent structure — example?

Diamond, graphite

Giant covalent structures — example?

Diamond, graphite, high melting points

Properties of ionic compounds?

High melting point, brittle, conduct when molten

Energy change in exothermic?

Releases heat to surroundings

Reaction rate — definition?

Speed of reactant to product conversion

Reaction rate — affected by?

Temperature, concentration, surface area, catalysts

Activation energy — role?

Minimum energy for reaction to occur

Catalyst — role?

Speeds up reaction, unchanged at end

Factors increasing reaction rate?

Temperature, concentration, catalysts

Organic compounds — contain?

Carbon, hydrogen, possibly other elements

Organic compounds — basis?

Carbon-based molecules

Hydrocarbons — types?

Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes

Hydrocarbon — contains?

Carbon and hydrogen

Isomerism — what?

Same molecular formula, different structures

Isomerism — meaning?

Same formula, different structure

Cracking — purpose?

Breaks large hydrocarbons into smaller ones

Cracking — purpose?

Break down large hydrocarbons

Qualitative analysis — determines?

Presence of substances in a sample

Chemical change — sign?

New substances formed, energy transfer

Quantitative analysis — measures?

Amount or concentration of substances

Exothermic — energy?

Releases heat

Greenhouse gases — examples?

CO₂, methane, water vapor

Endothermic — energy?

Absorbs heat

Photochemical reactions — involve?

Sunlight-driven reactions, e.g., ozone formation