What is a cell in living organisms?
The basic structural and functional unit.
How do unicellular and multicellular organisms differ?
Unicellular have one cell; multicellular have many cells.
What is the role of the cell membrane?
It controls movement of substances into and out of the cell.
What does the nucleus contain and control?
Genetic material and cell activities.
Which organelles do plant cells have that animal cells lack?
Cell wall and chloroplasts.
How do vacuoles differ between plant and animal cells?
Plant cells have larger vacuoles than animal cells.
What is the function of mitochondria?
They release energy through cellular respiration.
What roles do ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus play?
Ribosomes make proteins; ER and Golgi process and transport substances.
What is a tissue in biology?
A group of similar cells working together for a function.
How are plant tissues broadly divided?
Into meristematic and permanent tissues.
Where do meristematic tissues occur in plants?
At the tips of roots and shoots.
Which tissues are simple permanent tissues in plants?
Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.
Which tissues are complex permanent tissues in plants?
Xylem and phloem.
What does xylem mainly transport in plants?
Water and minerals.
What does phloem transport in plants?
Prepared food.
Name the four main types of animal tissues and one function each.
Epithelial covers, connective supports, muscular moves, nervous transmits messages.
What defines motion in physics?
An object changing position relative to a reference point over time.
What is the difference between distance and displacement?
Distance is total path length and scalar; displacement is shortest distance with direction and vector.
How is speed calculated?
Speed equals distance divided by time.
How is velocity calculated?
Velocity equals displacement divided by time.
What is the formula for acceleration?
Acceleration equals change in velocity divided by time.
How does uniform motion differ from non-uniform motion?
Uniform motion covers equal distances in equal times; non-uniform covers changing distances in equal times.
What does the slope of a distance-time graph represent?
Speed.
What does the slope of a velocity-time graph represent?
Acceleration.
What is a mixture in chemistry?
Two or more substances physically combined without chemical change.
How does a homogeneous mixture differ from a heterogeneous mixture?
A homogeneous mixture has uniform composition throughout.
What does filtration separate in a mixture?
An insoluble solid from a liquid.
What is the purpose of evaporation in separation methods?
To obtain a dissolved solid from a solution.
On what basis does distillation separate substances?
Differences in boiling points.
How does centrifugation separate mixture components?
By differences in density.
What principle does chromatography use to separate components?
Different rates of movement through a medium.
What defines a solution in terms of solute and solvent?
A solute dissolved in a solvent with concentration depending on solute amount.
What is force in physics?
A push or pull that can change an object's motion or shape.
What distinguishes balanced forces from unbalanced forces?
Balanced forces are equal and opposite and do not change motion.
What does Newton's First Law state about an object's motion?
An object stays at rest or moves uniformly unless acted on by an unbalanced force.
What property describes an object's resistance to change in motion?
Inertia.
What is the formula relating force, mass, and acceleration?
What does Newton's Third Law state about forces?
Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
What is friction?
A force opposing relative motion between surfaces in contact.
Name two effects of friction besides opposing motion.
It causes wear and energy loss but helps in walking and writing.
When is work done on an object?
When a force causes displacement in its direction.
What is the formula for work?
What is the SI unit of work?
The joule (J).
What is energy?
The capacity to do work.
What is the formula for kinetic energy?
What causes gravitational potential energy?
Mass, gravitational acceleration, and height.
How do simple machines make work easier?
By changing the size or direction of force.
Name examples of simple machines.
Levers, pulleys, inclined planes, wheels and axles, screws.
What is an atom in chemistry?
The smallest unit of an element retaining its chemical properties.
What charge do protons have?
Positive charge.
Where are protons and neutrons located in an atom?
In the nucleus.
What is the atomic number of an element?
The number of protons in its atom.
What equals the number of electrons in a neutral atom?
The number of protons.
What is the formula for mass number?
where A is mass number, Z protons, N neutrons.
How do electrons influence an element’s chemical behaviour?
Their arrangement in shells or energy levels around the nucleus.
What defines an element as a pure substance?
It is made up of only one type of atom.
How is an element uniquely identified?
By its atomic number and chemical symbol.
What forms a compound?
Atoms of different elements combined chemically in fixed proportions.
What is a molecule?
A group of two or more atoms chemically bonded together.
Can a molecule consist of atoms from different elements?
Yes, molecules can have atoms of the same or different elements.
What does relative atomic mass compare?
The mass of an atom with a standard reference.
How is molecular mass calculated?
By adding atomic masses of all atoms in one molecule.
What does the formula H₂O represent?
Water, with two hydrogen atoms combined with one oxygen atom.
What is biodiversity?
The variety of organisms in the living world.
What is classification in biology?
The systematic arrangement of organisms into groups based on similarities and differences.
How does classification help in studying organisms?
It makes organisms easier to study and reveals relationships between groups.
Which characteristics are used to classify organisms?
Cell structure, number of cells, body organisation, nutrition mode, and reproduction method.
Name important broad groups of organisms.
Plants, animals, fungi, protists, and microorganisms.
How do plants obtain food?
Through photosynthesis.
How do animals obtain food?
By obtaining food from other organisms.
How do fungi obtain nutrients?
From organic matter.
Test your knowledge with 36 questions on Foundations of Life and Matter.
1. What makes a cell fundamental to a living organism?
2. Which comparison correctly distinguishes unicellular and multicellular organisms?
Review the complete course in the study sheet for Foundations of Life and Matter.
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