What is the diameter of human red blood cells?
About 7.0 micrometres.
How long are mycoplasma cells approximately?
About 0.3 micrometres long.
What is the size range of bacteria cells?
3–5 micrometres long.
Which is the largest isolated single cell?
The ostrich egg.
What are cell organelles?
Specialized components within a cell that perform specific functions.
What does protoplasm consist of?
The cytoplasm and nucleus.
What essential molecules does protoplasm contain?
Proteins and other essential molecules.
What is diffusion in terms of substance movement?
Movement from higher to lower concentration.
What does osmosis specifically move across a semipermeable membrane?
Water from higher to lower concentration.
What happens to a cell in a hypotonic medium?
It gains water and swells.
What happens to a cell in a hypertonic medium?
It loses water and shrinks.
What occurs to a cell in an isotonic medium?
No net water movement; cell stays the same.
What energy source does active transport use to move molecules?
ATP.
How does passive transport move molecules relative to their concentration gradient?
Along the gradient without energy.
What is the cell membrane composed of?
A phospholipid bilayer with proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.
What is the main function of the cell membrane?
It controls entry and exit of materials.
What type of membrane does the nucleus have?
A double membrane.
What does the nucleus contain?
Chromosomes.
What is the role of the nucleus?
It controls cellular reproduction and activities.
What unique features do mitochondria have?
They have their own DNA and ribosomes.
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
They generate ATP for cellular activities.
What distinguishes eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes from prokaryotic ones?
Eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S, prokaryotic are 70S.
What is mitosis in cell division?
One mother cell forms two genetically identical daughter cells with the same chromosome number.
How many divisions occur in meiosis?
Two consecutive divisions occur in meiosis.
How many daughter cells does meiosis produce?
Meiosis produces four daughter cells.
What chromosome number do meiosis daughter cells have?
They have half the chromosome number of the mother cell.
What are the stages of mitosis?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
How many parents are involved in asexual reproduction?
Asexual reproduction involves one parent.
Does asexual reproduction involve gametes or fertilization?
No, it does not involve gametes or fertilization.
What distinguishes sexual reproduction from asexual reproduction?
Sexual reproduction involves gametes, fertilization, and genetic variation.
What distinguishes self-pollination from cross-pollination?
Self-pollination transfers pollen within the same flower, cross-pollination transfers it between flowers.
What is fertilization in plants?
The fusion of the male germ cell from pollen with the female gamete in the ovule.
Which part of a flower produces pollen?
The anther produces pollen.
Which flower part supports the anther?
The filament supports the anther.
What does the ovary contain in flowering plants?
The ovary contains ovules.
What happens to the ovule after fertilization?
The ovule develops into a seed.
What does the ovary become after fertilization?
The ovary grows and ripens into a fruit.
What is a gene in heredity?
The basic physical and functional unit of heredity.
Who is called the father of genetics?
Gregor Mendel.
Which plant did Gregor Mendel use for heredity experiments?
Pea plants.
What is a genotype?
An individual's genetic code.
What is a phenotype?
An individual's observable traits.
What is the genotype of F1 offspring from homozygous tall and dwarf pea plants?
Heterozygous tall.
What is the F2 phenotypic ratio in a monohybrid cross of tall and dwarf pea plants?
3:1.
What is the F2 genotypic ratio in a monohybrid cross of tall and dwarf pea plants?
1:2:1.
How do autotrophic organisms obtain their food?
They make their own food using light or chemicals.
What do heterotrophic organisms use as their food source?
They obtain food from other organisms or organic matter.
What are the raw materials converted in photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide and water are converted into carbohydrates.
What conditions are necessary for photosynthesis to occur?
Sunlight and chlorophyll are necessary for photosynthesis.
What gas is released during photosynthesis?
Oxygen is released during photosynthesis.
What is the role of stomata in leaves?
Stomata allow gaseous exchange in leaves.
What controls the opening and closing of stomata?
Guard cells control the opening and closing of each pore.
How do photoautotrophs differ from chemoautotrophs in food production?
Photoautotrophs use sunlight, chemoautotrophs use chemical energy.
What are the five stages of human nutrition?
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion.
What enzyme starts starch digestion in the mouth?
Salivary amylase.
What role does hydrochloric acid play in the stomach?
It kills harmful bacteria and converts pepsinogen into pepsin.
What do bile salts do to fats in digestion?
They emulsify fats into smaller globules.
Which enzyme digests proteins in the small intestine?
Trypsin.
Which enzyme digests emulsified fats in the small intestine?
Lipase.
Where does complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats occur?
In the small intestine.
What structure increases the surface area for absorption in the small intestine?
Villi.
What is breathing in contrast to respiration?
Breathing is the physical inhalation and exhalation of air without energy production.
What does respiration chemically break down to produce ATP?
Respiration chemically breaks down glucose to produce ATP.
What gas does aerobic respiration use and what does it produce?
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide, water, and more energy.
What are the products of anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration produces less energy or lactic acid or ethanol and carbon dioxide without oxygen.
What molecule does glycolysis break glucose into?
Glycolysis breaks glucose into the three-carbon molecule pyruvate.
Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
How many ATP molecules can aerobic respiration release?
Aerobic respiration releases up to 38 ATP molecules.
How much more energy does aerobic respiration produce compared to anaerobic?
Aerobic respiration produces 19 times more energy than anaerobic respiration.
What is the sequence of blood flow starting from the right atrium?
Blood flows right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → body.
What is the normal range of white blood cell count per microlitre?
4,000 to 10,000 white blood cells per microlitre.
What is the primary function of white blood cells?
To defend the body against infection.
What molecule do red blood cells contain to carry oxygen?
Hemoglobin.
How long do red blood cells typically circulate in the bloodstream?
Up to 120 days.
What percentage of total blood volume does plasma contribute?
About 55%.
What substances does plasma transport in the blood?
Blood cells, hormones, nutrients, waste products, and other substances.
Which nitrogenous waste do ammonotelic organisms excrete?
Ammonia.
What are white blood cells also called?
Leukocytes.
What is the normal range of white blood cell count per microliter?
Between 4,000 and 10,000 cells.
How long does a typical white blood cell live?
13 to 20 days.
Into which two groups are white blood cells divided?
Granulocytes and agranulocytes.
Which white blood cells are phagocytic and destroy infectious agents?
Neutrophils and monocytes.
What are platelets also called?
Thrombocytes.
What is plasma and what percentage of blood volume does it contribute?
Plasma is the light amber liquid component contributing 55% of blood volume.
What does plasma transport in the blood?
Cells, hormones, nutrients, wastes, and other substances.
What is an antigen?
A substance that induces an immune response by producing antibodies.
What is an antibody?
A plasma protein produced in response to an antigen.
What is the role of an antigen in immunity?
It induces the immune response.
Where is the Rh(D) antigen found in Rh-positive people?
On red blood cells.
What blood type is the universal recipient?
AB-positive blood.
What blood type is the universal donor?
O-type blood.
How does active immunity develop?
By the body producing its own antibodies after antigen exposure.
Is active immunity a fast or slow process?
It is generally a slow process.
Test your knowledge with 61 questions on General Biology Part Two.
1. Which statement best defines a cell organelle?
2. Which structure is recognized as the largest isolated single cell?
Review the complete course in the study sheet for General Biology Part Two.
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