Тест: Introduction to Respiratory System — 12 въпроса

1. What best describes daily lung ventilation at rest and during normal activity?

A. About 30 breaths per minute and roughly 100 liters of air moved each day

B. About 5 breaths per minute and roughly 1,000 liters of air moved each day

C. About 15 breaths per minute and roughly 10,000 liters of air moved each day

D. About 60 breaths per minute and roughly 50,000 liters of air moved each day

Answer: (C)

Обяснение

Breathing is about 15 times per minute at rest, and the lungs move about 10,000 liters of air in and out each day. Physical activity increases both breathing rate and volume.

2. How do the respiratory and circulatory systems work together to deliver oxygen to body cells?

A. The lungs circulate blood while the heart only exchanges gases

B. Deoxygenated blood leaves the lungs and oxygenated blood returns from the body

C. Blood goes to the lungs for gas exchange, then oxygenated blood returns to the heart and is pumped to the body

D. Air moves directly from the lungs into body cells without blood transport

Answer: (C)

Обяснение

The lungs exchange gases with the blood, then oxygenated blood returns to the heart and is pumped around the body. The lungs are not part of the circulatory system, but they work with it.

3. What is the correct airflow path through the main respiratory structures?

A. Mouth, trachea, pharynx, bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli

B. Nose, bronchi, pharynx, trachea, bronchioles, alveoli

C. Nose or mouth, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

D. Nose or mouth, larynx, pharynx, bronchi, trachea, alveoli

Answer: (C)

Обяснение

Air passes from the nose or mouth through the pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and finally to the alveoli. That sequence is the full airflow path described.

4. What is the main function of the cartilage rings in the trachea?

A. They increase gas exchange by thinning the airway walls

B. They keep the trachea rigid and open as air moves toward the bronchi

C. They pump air from the bronchi into the alveoli

D. They filter oxygen before it enters the bloodstream

Answer: (B)

Обяснение

Cartilage rings support the trachea so it stays open and does not collapse easily. Gas exchange happens later in the alveoli, not in the trachea.

5. Where does gas exchange occur, and what happens there?

A. In the larynx, where carbon dioxide is converted into oxygen

B. In the bronchi, where oxygen is stored for later use

C. In the trachea, where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves it

D. In the alveoli, where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves it

Answer: (D)

Обяснение

Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli, which have thin walls and are surrounded by capillaries. Oxygen diffuses into the blood while carbon dioxide diffuses out to be exhaled.

6. What directly helps control the rate and depth of breathing?

A. The amount of oxygen stored in the stomach

B. The temperature of the alveoli

C. The color of the blood in the capillaries

D. The amount of carbon dioxide in the blood

Answer: (D)

Обяснение

Breathing is regulated by carbon dioxide levels in the blood: higher CO2 drives breathing changes to remove it. The diaphragm and rib cage muscles help carry out those breathing movements.

7. What is the main respiratory structure used by fish for gas exchange?

A. Skin pores, which directly pump oxygen into the blood

B. Lungs, which inflate to absorb oxygen from air pockets

C. Air sacs, which store oxygen until the fish rests

D. Gills, which use capillaries to take up oxygen from water

Answer: (D)

Обяснение

Fish use gills, and capillaries in the gills take up oxygen from water. Some fish must keep swimming so water continues moving over the gills.

8. Which combination best matches tuberculosis symptoms and diagnosis?

A. Headache, rash, and diagnosis by blood sugar testing

B. Stomach pain, vomiting, and diagnosis by urine testing

C. Fever, cough, weight loss, tiredness, chest pain, and diagnosis by x-ray

D. Sneezing, itchy eyes, and diagnosis by lung biopsy only

Answer: (C)

Обяснение

TB commonly causes fever, cough, weight loss, tiredness, and chest pain, and it can be diagnosed with an x-ray of the lungs. It is an infectious disease that can spread between people.

9. What causes the breathing problem in asthma attacks?

A. Alveoli fill with fluid, blocking oxygen exchange

B. The trachea develops cartilage rings that block air

C. The diaphragm stops working because of infection

D. Bronchioles constrict, reducing airflow to the alveoli

Answer: (D)

Обяснение

Asthma is characterized by narrowing of the bronchioles, which reduces airflow to the alveoli. Inhalers are used to relieve the symptoms during an attack.

10. What is the key effect of emphysema on the lungs?

A. The rib cage muscles weaken and cannot move

B. The trachea becomes infected by bacteria

C. Bronchioles fill with fluid, stopping airflow completely

D. Alveoli walls deteriorate, reducing the lungs' gas exchange ability

Answer: (D)

Обяснение

Emphysema involves deterioration of the alveoli walls, which impairs gas exchange. Smoking is the stated cause linked to this damage.

11. What happens in pneumonia?

A. Bronchioles constrict because of an allergic reaction

B. The trachea becomes rigid because of cartilage damage

C. The lungs stop receiving oxygen because blood leaves them

D. Alveoli fill with fluid, which blocks gas exchange

Answer: (D)

Обяснение

In pneumonia, fluid fills the alveoli and prevents efficient gas exchange. It can be caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infections.

12. Which statement best describes bronchitis?

A. Deterioration of alveoli walls caused by smoking

B. Fluid filling the alveoli due to fungal infection

C. A bacterial infection that always requires antibiotics

D. Inflammation of the bronchioles that usually follows a cold and often clears within about 10 days

Answer: (D)

Обяснение

Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchioles, usually developing from a cold or another respiratory infection, and it generally goes away within about 10 days. Because it is generally viral, antibiotics won’t help.