Study sheet: English Basics and Grammar

📋 Course Outline

1. Days and Months
2. Cardinal Numbers
3. Ordinal Numbers
4. Frequency Adverbs
5. Question Words
6. Personal Pronouns
7. Possessive Adjectives
8. Simple Present

📖 1. Days and Months

📝 Essential Points

• The days of the week are:

  • Monday
  • Tuesday
  • Wednesday
  • Thursday
  • Friday
  • Saturday
  • Sunday

• The months of the year, in order, are January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, and December.

💡 Memory Hook

Monday to Sunday; January to December

📖 2. Cardinal Numbers

★ Must-know

• The cardinal numbers from one to ten are:

  • one
  • two
  • three
  • four
  • five
  • six
  • seven
  • eight
  • nine
  • ten

• The cardinal tens are:

  • twenty
  • thirty
  • forty
  • fifty
  • sixty
  • seventy
  • eighty
  • ninety

Further detail

• The cardinal numbers from eleven to nineteen are: eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen

• The large cardinal numbers presented are:

  • hundred
  • thousand
  • million
  • billion

📖 3. Ordinal Numbers

★ Must-know

• The ordinal numbers from first to tenth are:

  • the first
  • the second
  • the third
  • the fourth
  • the fifth
  • the sixth
  • the seventh
  • the eighth
  • the ninth
  • the tenth

• The ordinal tens are:

  • the twentieth
  • the thirtieth
  • the fortieth
  • the fiftieth
  • the sixtieth
  • the seventieth
  • the eightieth
  • the ninetieth

Further detail

• The ordinal numbers from eleventh to nineteenth are:

  • the eleventh
  • the twelfth
  • the thirteenth
  • the fourteenth
  • the fifteenth
  • the sixteenth
  • the seventeenth
  • the eighteenth
  • the nineteenth

• The large ordinal numbers presented are:

  • the hundredth
  • the thousandth
  • the millionth
  • the billionth

📖 4. Frequency Adverbs

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Adverbs of frequency : indicate how often an action happens and include always, often, sometimes, rarely, and never

📝 Essential Points

📌 An adverb of frequency normally comes before the main verb, as in “I always brush my teeth at night.”

📌 With the verb be, an adverb of frequency comes after the verb, as in “I am sometimes happy to take the bus.”

💡 Memory Hook

Always means every time, whereas never means no time

📖 5. Question Words

★ Must-know

• The main question words are: what, why, who, when, where, which, how, how many, how much, how old

📌 How many means “how much” with countable nouns, whereas how much is used with uncountable nouns.

Further detail

• How old asks about age, how often asks about frequency, what time asks about the time, and whose asks about possession.

📖 6. Personal Pronouns

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Subject pronouns : indicate who performs the action and are followed by a verb
• Object pronouns : are used for a person already mentioned and after prepositions such as for, with, to, and at

★ Must-know

• The English subject pronouns are I, you, he, she, it, we, and they.

Further detail

• The English object pronouns are:
  • me
  • you
  • him
  • her
  • it
  • us
  • you
  • them

💡 Memory Hook

Subject pronouns act, whereas object pronouns receive the action

📖 7. Possessive Adjectives

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Possessive adjectives : show who or what possesses something and include my, your, his, her, its, our, and their

★ Must-know

• His means son, sa, or ses when the possessor is male; her means son, sa, or ses when the possessor is female; and its means son, sa, or ses for a thing.

Further detail

• My means mon, ma, or mes; your means ton, ta, tes, votre, or vos; our means notre or nos; and their means leur or leurs.

💡 Memory Hook

His refers to a male possessor, whereas her refers to a female possessor

📖 8. Simple Present

★ Must-know

📌 The affirmative simple present is formed with the subject and the base verb, adding -s or -es only with the third-person singular.

• In the affirmative simple present, the verbs be are am, are, and is, while have is have except with he, she, or it, which uses has.

Further detail

• In the affirmative simple present, “I speak” becomes “he speaks,” and “I try” becomes “she tries.”

💡 Memory Hook

I speak, whereas he speaks

📊 Synthesis Tables

Subject and Object Pronouns

Function	Pronouns	Use
Subject	I, you, he, she, it, we, they	Followed by a verb
Object	me, you, him, her, it, us, them	Used after verbs or prepositions