Study sheet: Civilians and Soldiers in World War I

📋 Course Outline

1. Tensions and Rival Alliances
2. Trench Warfare and Verdun
3. Soldiers’ Trauma and Mutinies
4. The Armenian Genocide

📅 Key Dates

1. August to November 1914the war was a war of movement
2. 3 August 1914Germany declared war on France, marking the outbreak of the First World War
3. 5 to 12 September 1914the Battle of the Marne took place
4. December 1914 to March 1918the war was a war of position
5. 1915the Ottoman government organized the genocide of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire and Syria
6. 21 February to 18 December 1916the Battle of Verdun opposed French and German forces
7. March to November 1918the war returned to a war of movement
8. 11 November 1918the armistice ended the fighting of the First World War
9. 28 June 1919the Treaty of Versailles was signed after the First World War

📖 1. Tensions and Rival Alliances

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Triple Entente : brought together France, the United Kingdom and Russia during the First World War
• Triple Alliance : brought together Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy during the First World War

📝 Essential Points

• At the beginning of the twentieth century, European countries wanted to defend their economic interests, protect themselves and extend their colonies.

💡 Memory Hook

Triple Entente versus Triple Alliance

📖 2. Trench Warfare and Verdun

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Trench warfare : a form of combat in which opposing armies face each other from fortified trenches and make little advance

★ Must-know

• The Battle of Verdun symbolized the violence of the war because it caused about 300,000 victims and exposed soldiers to harsh living conditions.

Further detail

• A trench system included first-line and second-line trenches, shelters, communication trenches called boyaux, and no man’s land between the opposing sides.

💡 Memory Hook

Opposing trenches separated by no man’s land

📖 3. Soldiers’ Trauma and Mutinies

★ Must-know

• 🔄 The sequence in 1917 was: the horrors of combat, many French soldiers refusing to continue fighting, Philippe Pétain softening their living conditions

Further detail

• French soldiers were exhausted by the absence of leave and felt that their repeated attacks were useless because they produced no results.

• The population began to strike and revolt in response to the effects of the war.

💡 Memory Hook

Horrors and useless attacks → refusal to fight

📖 4. The Armenian Genocide

★ Must-know

• The Ottoman government accused the Armenians of trying to disturb the peace and security of the empire, joining the enemy and betraying the empire in favor of Russia.

• The Armenians were assembled, deported, shot or imprisoned in the desert by order of the Ottoman government.

• The Armenian genocide caused about 1.2 million deaths and is considered the first genocide of the twentieth century.

Further detail

📌 A communiqué by Ottoman Interior Minister Talat Pacha dated 26 May 1915 ordered Armenians to leave within five days under gendarmerie escort and prohibited them from selling their property.

💡 Memory Hook

Ottoman accusations of treason → deportation and mass killing

📊 Synthesis Tables

The Two Rival Alliances

Alliance	Member countries	Role in the course
Triple Entente	France, United Kingdom, Russia	One of the two rival European camps
Triple Alliance	Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy	One of the two rival European camps