What is grammatical nature of a word?
It is the intrinsic and immutable identity of a word.
What does grammatical function describe in a sentence?
The dynamic syntactic role played by a word or group of words.
Give an example of a grammatical function a word can have.
Subject is an example of a grammatical function.
Name another grammatical function besides subject and verb.
Direct object is another grammatical function.
What are the three cumulative criteria for grammatical categories?
Morphological, syntactic, and semantic criteria.
What does the morphological criterion concern in grammar?
A word's form and its capacity to receive inflections.
Which inflections are included in the morphological criterion?
Gender, number, tense, mood, or aspect.
What does the syntactic criterion concern?
The position and role of each word in the sentence.
What does the semantic criterion concern?
How a word represents reality through its meaning.
On what should grammar teaching systematically rely?
Substitution or inflection manipulations.
What type of criteria do substitution or inflection manipulations represent?
Morphosyntactic criteria.
What is a noun's role in a noun phrase?
It is the nucleus of the noun phrase.
What inherent features does a noun carry?
Gender and number.
What types can nouns be classified into?
Common or proper, concrete or abstract, animate or inanimate.
How does a determiner relate to the noun it actualizes?
It changes in gender and number according to the noun.
Where is a determiner positioned relative to the noun?
It precedes the noun.
What is necessary to actualize a noun's meaning in a sentence?
A determiner.
Which classes of determiners are presented?
Definite, indefinite, partitive, possessive, demonstrative, indefinite, numeral, and interrogative or exclamative determiners.
How does an adjective change according to the noun it characterizes?
It changes in gender and number.
What are the three roles an adjective can have?
Attributive adjective, subject complement, or appositive.
What distinguishes a qualitative adjective from a relational adjective?
A qualitative adjective characterizes a noun, a relational adjective can be replaced by a noun complement.
What is the function of a pronoun?
It replaces a noun to avoid repetition.
With what does a pronoun agree?
Gender, number, and person of the noun it refers to.
Which pronoun classes are presented?
Personal, demonstrative, possessive, relative, and indefinite pronouns.
What does a verb vary according to?
Person, number, tense, and mood.
What role does a verb play in a verb phrase?
It is the nucleus of the verb phrase.
How is a verb linked in a sentence?
It is linked to the subject and complements.
Which verb subcategories are presented?
State verbs, pronominal verbs, direct or indirect transitive verbs, and intransitive verbs.
What object does a direct transitive verb take?
A direct object.
What complement does an indirect transitive verb take?
An indirect complement introduced by a preposition.
What does an adverb modify in a sentence?
The meaning of the sentence.
What do modalizer adverbs express?
An opinion.
Where is a preposition placed in relation to a noun phrase?
Before the noun phrase.
What does a preposition introduce?
A complement.
What does an interjection express?
An emotion, a feeling, or a sound.
What does a coordinating conjunction link?
Two elements of the same nature and function.
What does a subordinating conjunction introduce and link?
A subordinate clause to a main clause.
On what does the subordinate clause depend?
The main clause.
Test your knowledge with 17 questions on French Grammatical Classes.
1. What distinguishes grammatical nature from grammatical function?
2. In the sentences “The child reads” and “The child sees the dog,” what can change for “the child” while its grammatical nature remains unchanged?
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