Columbian Exchange — definition?
Exchange of plants, animals, diseases, people between Europe and the Americas.
Native population decline — cause?
Diseases introduced by Europeans reduced Native Americans by 90%.
African slaves — reason?
Replaced Native Americans after their population declined from disease.
European animals — introduced?
Cattle, pigs, and horses were brought to the Americas.
Little Ice Age — demographic impact?
Large Native American death toll contributed to climate change effects.
Thirty Years War — significance?
Most consequential religious war in 17th-century Europe, causing massive casualties.
Martin Luther's ideas — main?
Salvation by faith alone, scripture as truth, priesthood of all believers.
Jesuits — role?
Catholic missionaries spreading Catholicism worldwide.
Mercantilism — role?
Colonies provided wealth to mother countries through trade policies.
Scientific Revolution — key figures?
Copernicus and Galileo advanced astronomy and understanding of the heavens.
Enlightenment — core ideas?
Reason, natural rights, universal laws influenced politics and society.
American Revolution — main cause?
Taxation without representation and grievances post-Seven Years War.
French Revolution — main cause?
Debt from supporting America and social inequalities.
Industrial Revolution — key feature?
Mechanized production, steam power, urbanization, new social classes.
Rise of nationalism — definition?
Belief that each country should have its own government.
Imperialism — what?
Acquiring territories considered inferior, driven by economic and racial motives.
World War I — trigger?
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian nationalist.
Treaty ending WWI?
Treaty of Versailles.
World War II — major powers?
Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan; Allies: US, Britain, USSR.
Holocaust — what?
Systematic murder of six million Jews by Nazis.
Cold War — main conflict?
US and USSR rivalry, nuclear arms race, ideological opposition.
Decolonization — method?
Negotiated independence (India), wars (Algeria).
Post-WWII order — organizations?
United Nations, NATO, Warsaw Pact.
Columbian Exchange — impact?
Profound demographic and ecological transformations.
Test your knowledge with 12 questions on Global Transformations in Modern History.
1. What does the term 'Columbian Exchange' specifically refer to?
2. What was the primary role of the Jesuits during the European religious reforms?
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