Industrial Revolution and Global Transformation

Industrial Revolution (1750-1900) - Revision Sheet

1. 📌 Essentials

• The Industrial Revolution marked a major shift from agrarian to industrial economies, beginning Britain.
• Key innovations include Watt’s steam engine, puddling process, and Bessemer steel.
• Rapid urbanization led to overcrowded cities, poor sanitation, and social conflicts. -ways and steamboats revolutionized transportation and markets.
• Environmental impacts include deforestation, pollution, and early signs of global warming.
• Major social changes involved rise of the middle class, proletarianization, and labor movements.
• Global migration surged, especially from Europe to the Americas.
• Political reforms responded to social unrest, e.g., Britain’s Reform Act 1832.
• Latin America and Russia experienced post-independence instability and autocratic rule.
• The Mexican Revolution (1910-1917) introduced land reforms and new social policies.

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