What is industrialization?
The growth of factories, machines, mass production, and large-scale businesses.
When did the US experience major industrial growth in the Second Industrial Revolution?
In the late 1800s and early 1900s.
Name one important development that supported industrialization.
Steel.
Name another important development that supported industrialization.
Railroads.
What did the Bessemer process improve in steel production?
It made steel production much faster and cheaper.
List one use of steel during industrialization.
Railroads.
How did railroads affect transportation in the country?
They connected different parts of the country and accelerated transportation.
What economic effect did railroads have nationwide?
They enabled nationwide sales and created a national market.
What is a corporation?
A business owned by shareholders.
What could large corporations do with money?
They could raise huge amounts of money and expand their businesses.
How did Andrew Carnegie become wealthy?
Through the steel industry using vertical integration.
What is vertical integration?
When a company controls multiple production stages like raw materials and factories.
Who controlled a large part of the oil industry through Standard Oil?
John D. Rockefeller.
What is horizontal integration?
When a company controls many businesses at the same production stage.
What did industrialization increase besides production and jobs?
Economic growth increased.
How did industrialization affect the cost of some goods?
It lowered the cost of some goods.
What negative effect of industrialization involved children?
Child labor was a negative effect.
What workplace dangers were common during industrialization?
Dangerous factories and workplace injuries were common.
How did industrialization impact city living conditions?
It caused overcrowded cities and poor housing.
What social inequality did industrialization increase?
Wealth inequality increased.
What is urbanization?
The growth of cities.
What did factories create that influenced urbanization?
Jobs.
What was a consequence of jobs created by factories?
They attracted immigrants and rural Americans.
What did urbanization produce in cities?
Overcrowding.
Who moved to cities during urbanization?
Immigrants, rural Americans, former farmers, and workers.
What were tenements in urban areas?
Cheap apartment buildings for working-class and immigrant families.
What conditions were common in tenement buildings?
They were crowded, poorly ventilated, unsanitary, and unsafe.
What urban issues contributed to disease in cities?
Problems with sewage, garbage, clean water, and waste disposal.
Name some other major urban problems besides sanitation.
Pollution, crime, fires, disease, unsafe buildings, poverty, traffic, and poor infrastructure.
What is immigration?
Moving from one country to another to live there.
Why did millions immigrate to the US during industrialization?
Factories provided jobs and home countries had difficult conditions.
What are push factors in immigration?
Conditions that drive people away from their home country.
Name two push factors that caused immigration.
Poverty and war.
What are pull factors in immigration?
Conditions that attract people to another country.
Name two pull factors that attracted immigrants.
Jobs and religious freedom.
From which regions did old immigrants mostly come before the 1880s?
Ireland, Germany, Great Britain, and Northern or Western Europe.
When did new immigrants mostly arrive in the United States?
After the 1880s.
Which regions did new immigrants mostly come from after the 1880s?
Italy, Poland, Russia, and Southern or Eastern Europe.
What does Nativism favor?
Native-born Americans over immigrants.
What policies did nativists often support?
Immigration restrictions, limits, and reducing immigrant influence.
What is Americanization?
Encouraging immigrants to adopt American language, customs, values, and culture.
What is assimilation?
Adopting the culture of a new society.
Why did immigrants often live in ethnic neighborhoods?
Because of shared language, religion, culture, family, food, support, housing, and job help.
Where did many poor immigrants travel on ships?
In steerage, the least expensive and crowded part of the ship.
What was Ellis Island's role in immigration?
It was a key processing station for European immigrants in New York.
Which immigration station was linked to Asian immigrants in San Francisco Bay?
Angel Island was associated especially with Chinese immigrants.
What contributions and challenges did Chinese immigrants face in the American West?
They helped build railroads but faced discrimination and exclusion.
What did the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 do?
It restricted Chinese immigration to the United States.
Which countries were involved in the Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907–1908?
The United States and Japan.
What did the Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907–1908 restrict?
Japanese labor immigration to the United States.
What was a political machine?
An organized political group exchanging favors for support.
What was the first step in a political machine's process?
Providing help to people.
What is patronage in politics?
Giving government jobs or benefits to supporters.
What does graft mean in politics?
Using political power to gain money dishonestly.
Who led a political machine?
A political boss.
What is a ward in political terms?
A local political district.
What is a precinct?
A smaller voting district.
How did political machines gain immigrant support?
By providing jobs, housing, food, and assistance for votes.
What economic problems did farmers face in the late 19th century?
Farmers faced overproduction, falling crop prices, debt, high railroad costs, and high interest rates.
How did increased crop supply affect farmers' income?
More crop supply lowered prices, reducing farmers' income.
What was the Grange's role for farmers?
The Grange helped farmers cooperate, educate, push reforms, and challenge railroads.
What was the purpose of Farmers’ Alliances?
Farmers’ Alliances organized farmers to address agricultural problems and political reforms.
Which groups did the People’s Party represent?
The People’s Party represented many farmers and workers.
What reforms did the Populist Party support?
They supported railroad regulation, free silver coinage, direct senator elections, and graduated income tax.
Test your knowledge with 35 questions on Industry Immigration and Urbanization.
1. Which situation illustrates vertical integration?
2. What does urbanization describe?
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