What transformed a social and economic crisis into a political crisis in France?
Difficulties that reinforced one another.
What defines a nation in terms of people and territory?
A large group united by language, culture, and common territory.
Who held sovereign authority before 1789 in France?
The king.
After 1789, to whom did sovereignty belong in France?
The nation.
What did the Third Estate deputies form on 17 June 1789?
The National Assembly.
Where did deputies gather on 20 June 1789 after being prevented from their usual hall?
At the Tennis Court.
What oath did deputies take on 20 June 1789 at the Tennis Court?
Not to separate before establishing a constitution.
What event occurred on 14 July 1789 involving the people of Paris?
They seized the Bastille.
What caused panic leading to the Bastille seizure on 14 July 1789?
Rumours of troops and fears nobles would seize weapons and grain.
What was adopted by deputies on 26 August 1789?
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
What political change did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen mark on 26 August 1789?
The creation of a new political power and the end of absolute monarchy.
What natural rights does the Declaration of the Rights of Man establish?
Liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.
What legal changes did the Revolution introduce regarding privileges?
It abolished legal privileges and established equality before the law.
On what basis did the Revolution make access to employment depend?
Merit.
How did the Constitution of 1791 separate powers?
Executive power was held by the king and legislative power by the Assembly.
How were deputies elected under the Constitution of 1791?
Through indirect censitary suffrage.
What happened on 10 August 1792 involving the sans-culottes?
They attacked the palace, causing the monarchy's fall and Republic's declaration.
What was the Girondins' position on the king's execution?
They rejected the king's execution.
What did the Montagnards support during the revolutionary emergency?
An exceptional revolutionary government.
What freedoms did the revolutionary government suspend?
Some freedoms were suspended.
What judicial body did the revolutionary government use without appeal?
The Revolutionary Tribunal.
How many volunteers were levied by the revolutionary government?
300,000 volunteers were levied.
What type of republic was the Directory?
A conservative republic.
How did the Directory seek to restore order?
Through censitary suffrage, distrust of the people, and economic liberalism.
Who contested the Directory from the royalist side?
Royalists opposed the Directory.
Who challenged private property against the Directory?
Radical egalitarians.
Why did the Directory fail to establish a lasting compromise?
Because it faced opposition from several sides and relied increasingly on the army.
What role did the army play during the Directory?
The Directory increasingly relied on the army.
During which years did Bonaparte govern as First Consul?
From 1799 to 1804.
When was the First French Empire established by Napoleon?
In 1804.
Who held most powers under the Consulate?
The First Consul.
What role did assemblies have under the Consulate?
They retained little power.
What did Napoleon restore and establish politically?
Civil peace and institutions preserving revolutionary achievements.
How did French domination affect perceptions in Europe?
French were seen as enemies, not liberators.
How did contemporaries perceive the pre-revolutionary situation?
As a state of ruin requiring reform.
Into how many departments was France reorganized?
83 departments.
What did the Civil Constitution of the Clergy require from priests?
To swear an oath.
What happened to the property of the clergy under the Civil Constitution?
It was nationalized and sold to repay state deficits.
What event symbolized national unity on 14 July 1790?
The Federation Festival.
What was the Terror during the revolutionary government?
A policy of exceptional measures and harsh repression against Revolution enemies.
What did the instability and military prestige of the Directory period prepare?
The seizure of power by Bonaparte.
What did French domination contribute to in Europe?
The emergence of national feeling.
What factors contributed to the end of Napoleon's Empire in 1815?
Foreign resistance and failures of Napoleon's external policy.
Answer 18 questions on Revolutionary France and Napoleonic Europe.
1. Regarding the causes of the French Revolution, which statements are correct?
2. A nation is best defined as which of the following?
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