What defines a nation-state's central power?
It exercises sovereign control over a defined territory.
What common traits do most citizens share in a nation-state?
A common identity and history or descent.
How does Ernst Renan define a nation?
A large-scale solidarity based on shared sacrifices and common will.
What expresses the daily commitment in Ernst Renan's nation concept?
A daily plebiscite.
Which author defined a nation as solidarity based on shared sacrifices?
Ernst Renan.
In which work did Ernst Renan define the nation concept?
What is a Nation?, 1882.
In which year did the French Revolution transfer sovereignty from monarchy to citizens?
In 1789.
What political idea did the French Revolution first clearly express?
The idea of the nation.
How did French revolutionaries create collective identity?
Through la patrie, le citoyen, symbols, laws, and a common language.
Which flag symbolized the collective identity during the French Revolution?
The tricolour flag.
What role did the National Assembly play in the French Revolution?
It helped create collective identity.
What did the Napoleonic Code of 1804 abolish regarding social status?
Privileges based on birth were abolished.
What legal principle did the Napoleonic Code establish?
Equality before the law was established.
Which right did the Napoleonic Code secure?
The right to property was secured.
What administrative change did Napoleon make in French-controlled territories?
He simplified administration.
Which feudal practices did Napoleon abolish in controlled territories?
Feudalism, serfdom, and manorial dues were abolished.
What economic and infrastructure improvements did Napoleon implement?
He removed guild restrictions and improved transport and communication.
What characterized Europe's territories before nationalism?
They were diverse dynastic territories with peoples speaking different languages.
To whom did peoples in the Habsburg Empire mainly show allegiance?
They mainly showed allegiance to the emperor.
Who made up the small dominant class owning rural estates and town houses?
The landed aristocracy.
What was the social status of most Europeans in the pre-nationalist period?
Most Europeans were peasants.
Who often cultivated estates in eastern and central Europe?
Serfs often cultivated these estates.
What did Liberalism stand for regarding individual rights?
Individual freedom and equality before the law.
What type of government did Liberalism support?
Constitutional and representative government by consent.
What economic principles did Liberalism advocate?
Private property, free markets, and abolition of state restrictions on goods and capital.
When was the Zollverein customs union formed by Prussia?
In 1834.
What did the Zollverein customs union abolish among German states?
Tariff barriers.
How did the Zollverein affect the number of currencies?
It reduced them from over thirty to two.
What did the Congress of Vienna restore in 1815?
Monarchies were restored.
What was the purpose of the conservative order created in 1815?
To reverse changes from the Napoleonic wars.
How did conservative regimes control media after 1815?
They used censorship on newspapers, books, plays, and songs.
What type of government criticism did conservatives suppress after 1815?
Criticism of autocratic government.
What did Giuseppe Mazzini believe about nations?
Nations were the natural units of humanity.
Which organizations did Mazzini found to promote unified republics?
Young Italy and Young Europe.
What type of government did Mazzini oppose?
Monarchy.
When did the Greek struggle for independence begin?
In 1821.
Which treaty recognised Greece as an independent nation?
The Treaty of Constantinople.
In which year was Greece recognised as independent by the Treaty of Constantinople?
In 1832.
What did the 1848 liberal revolutions demand regarding government?
Constitutional government.
Which freedoms did the 1848 liberal revolutions demand?
Freedom of the press and freedom of association.
What kind of nation-states did the 1848 liberal revolutions demand?
Nation-states based on parliamentary principles.
What did Romanticism reject in cultural expression?
The exclusive glorification of reason and science.
How did Romanticism express shared national heritage?
Through emotions, intuition, art, poetry, stories, and music.
Who argued that true German culture lived among common people?
Johann Gottfried Herder.
What term did Herder use for the spirit expressed in folk culture?
Volksgeist.
When did the Grimm Brothers publish their first collection of German folktales?
In 1812.
How did the Grimm Brothers view folklore and the German language?
As tools for resisting French domination and building national identity.
How was German unification achieved under Prussian leadership?
Through Bismarck’s army, bureaucracy, and three wars against Denmark, Austria, and France.
When and where was William I proclaimed German Emperor?
At Versailles in January 1871.
Which wars led to German unification under Bismarck?
Wars against Denmark, Austria, and France.
What role did Cavour play in Italian unification?
He allied with France and defeated Austria in 1859.
Who conquered southern Italy in 1860 during unification?
Garibaldi.
When was Victor Emmanuel II proclaimed king of united Italy?
In 1861.
How did Britain become a nation-state?
Through the long expansion of English political power and union acts.
Which act united England and Scotland in 1707?
The Act of Union with Scotland.
When was Ireland incorporated into Britain?
In 1801.
Who was the female allegory of republican France?
Marianne was the female allegory of republican France.
Who was the female allegory of the German nation?
Germania was the female allegory of the German nation.
What does the oak-leaf crown symbolize in Germania's allegory?
The oak-leaf crown symbolizes German heroism.
Test your knowledge with 27 questions on The Rise of Nationalism in Europe.
1. What distinguishes a nation-state from a dynastic empire?
2. Which feature is central to Ernst Renan’s definition of a nation?
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