Flashcards: Workplace Motivation Theories — 42 cards

What is motivation according to Robbins & Judge (2015)?

Motivation is the process from internal and external drives affecting effort toward a goal.

What are the three core dimensions of motivation?

Intensity, direction, and persistence.

What does intensity in motivation refer to?

How hard a person tries.

What does direction in motivation mean?

How effort is channeled toward an organizationally relevant objective.

What does persistence in motivation describe?

How long effort is maintained despite obstacles and failures.

What triggers the decision to move from intention to action?

Motivation triggers the decision to deploy energy and act.

What percentage of employees worldwide were engaged in Gallup's 2017 figures?

15% of employees worldwide were engaged.

According to Gallup (2017), what percentage of managers were actively disengaged?

9% of managers were actively disengaged.

What causes motivation according to the correspondence of desires and aspirations?

Motivation arises from the match between unconscious desires and conscious aspirations.

What is positive self-evaluation in motivation?

It is the condition linking desires and aspirations to self-efficacy and envisioned success.

What is a motivational scenario?

An imaginary lifetime story organizing desires and aspirations for the Ideal Ego.

What does the motivational scenario explain?

It explains choices, motivation, loss of motivation, and conflicts between motivations.

What three factors does self-confidence depend on?

Self-confidence depends on self-image, perceived control, and positive recognition.

What does legitimacy concern in social perception?

Legitimacy concerns the match between perceived worth and esteem granted by others.

What is identification in motivational terms?

Identification is recognizing oneself in a value that resonates with one's imagination.

What does the golden triangle of motivation link motivation to?

It links motivation to satisfaction, performance, and involvement or engagement.

How is motivation described in the golden triangle of motivation?

Motivation is partly unconscious, intimate, and rooted in personal history and desires.

Who authored 'The golden triangle of motivation'?

N. Aubert authored 'The golden triangle of motivation'.

What do content theories of motivation ask?

What fosters motivation.

What do process theories of motivation ask?

How motivation influences behavior.

Which five needs does Maslow's hierarchy propose?

Physiological, safety, social belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.

How are lower and higher-order needs satisfied in Maslow's hierarchy?

Lower-order needs externally, higher-order needs internally.

What three needs does Alderfer's ERG model group?

Existence, relatedness, and growth.

What are the three personal needs in McClelland's theory?

Achievement, power, and affiliation.

What does Herzberg's two-factors theory distinguish?

Extrinsic hygiene factors from intrinsic motivators.

When does pay have a sizable effect on job satisfaction?

Only below a certain threshold and in poorer countries.

What formula expresses Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation?

Motivation satisfies $M = V \times E \times I$.

What must be true of V, E, and I for motivation to be greater than zero in Vroom's theory?

V, E, and I must all be greater than zero.

What does expectancy represent in expectancy theory?

The perceived probability that effort will produce performance.

What is instrumentality in expectancy theory?

The perceived link between successful performance and rewards.

What does valence mean in expectancy theory?

The value the individual assigns to the expected reward.

According to Adams's equity theory, what do people compare?

Their subjective ratio of contributions to retributions with others' estimated ratio.

What does goal-setting theory say increases motivation?

Goals that are clear, measurable, challenging but achievable, supported by feedback, and accepted.

What are the four characteristics of management by objectives?

Goal specificity, participative decision-making, explicit time period, and constant feedback.

What continuum does self-determination theory place motivation on?

From amotivation to intrinsic motivation through various regulations.

What is intrinsic motivation?

Engaging in an activity for its own interest and inherent satisfaction.

What effect occurs when external incentives undermine intrinsic motivation?

The motivation crowding effect.

What is autonomy in motivation theory?

The need to feel empowered to make choices with little external control.

Which four factors foster intrinsic motivation?

Autonomy, mastery, purpose, and belonging.

What traits support self-regulation?

Internal locus of control, positive self-esteem, interest, valuing success, and low neuroticism.

What reduces the triggering and persistence of effort in self-regulation?

Dramatizing fear of failure.

Who developed self-determination theory in 2008?

Deci & Ryan.