What are the possible types of cell injury?
Cell injury may be reversible, irreversible, programmed, or residual.
Name some consequences of cell injury.
Consequences include degeneration, necrosis, apoptosis, subcellular injury, intracellular accumulation, gangrene, and pathological calcification.
What are the principal mechanisms of cell injury?
Ischemia and hypoxia, free-radical injury, toxic injury, and immune-mediated injury.
What mesenchymal changes are listed in cell injury?
Mucoid or chromotropic edema, fibrinoid swelling, hyalinosis, amyloidosis, mucinous changes, fatty infiltration, and extracellular pigment accumulation.
What substances accumulate in reversible parenchymal changes?
Water, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and pigments accumulate.
What does intracellular water accumulation cause in cells?
Cell swelling, hydropic changes, and vacuolar changes.
What are examples of intracellular protein accumulation?
Hyaline-droplet changes and Russell bodies.
What is cell swelling in reversible injury?
Small cytoplasmic vacuoles are distended endoplasmic reticulum fragments with loss of fine structures.
In which organs is cell swelling most prominent?
Kidneys, liver, and heart.
Where do vacuolar changes occur in smallpox, hepatitis, and nephrotic syndrome?
Skin in smallpox, liver in acute viral hepatitis, kidneys in nephrotic syndrome.
What is the clinical significance of reversible cell injury?
Reduced organ function such as impaired myocardial contractility.
When do hyaline-droplet changes occur in proximal tubules?
When the glomerular filter becomes more permeable to protein.
In which conditions are hyaline-droplet changes seen?
Nephrotic syndrome, glomerulonephritis, and mercury or lead poisoning.
What are Russell bodies?
Immunoglobulin accumulations in plasma cell endoplasmic reticulum in myeloma.
What is alcoholic hyaline or Mallory bodies?
Protein aggregates in hepatocytes during alcoholic hepatitis.
What causes mucoid edema in mesenchymal tissue?
Accumulation of hydrophilic glycosaminoglycans in the interstitial substance.
What acids are released by glycosaminoglycan depolymerization?
Chondroitin-sulfuric and hyaluronic acids.
What effect does accumulation of chromotropic substances have on connective tissue staining?
It makes the ground substance metachromatic, turning toluidine blue reddish.
In which diseases does mucoid edema occur?
Atherosclerosis and rheumatic diseases.
What is fibrinoid swelling associated with?
Immune-complex injury to microcirculatory bed and connective tissue.
What type of change is fibrinoid swelling?
A mesenchymal change.
What does fibrinoid swelling cause to collagen fibers?
Marked destruction.
Which plasma proteins penetrate connective tissue during fibrinoid swelling?
Mainly globulins and fibrinogen.
Test your knowledge with 12 questions on Cell Injury and Protein Metabolism.
1. Which mechanism is recognized as a principal cause of cell injury?
2. Which statement correctly distinguishes necrosis from apoptosis?
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