Enzymes as biological catalysts: LEHNINGER (1909): Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed in the process, facilitating metabolic activities such as digestion.
Role of enzymes in breaking down food: KREBS (1939): Enzymes catalyze the breakdown of complex food molecules into simpler molecules that can be absorbed by the body, such as carbohydrates into sugars, proteins into amino acids, and lipids into fatty acids.
Types of digestive enzymes:
Substrate specificity of enzymes: BROWN (1950): Enzymes are highly specific to their substrates, meaning each enzyme only catalyzes a particular reaction with a specific substrate due to the shape of its active site.
Process of digestion in the human body: Enzymes are secreted in different parts of the digestive system (saliva, stomach, pancreas, small intestine) to break down food molecules into absorbable units, facilitating nutrient uptake and energy release.
1. What is the primary role of valves in the heart within the circulatory system?
2. According to the section on Environmental Factors, what is the effect of extreme temperatures on living organisms?
3. When was the double helix structure of DNA, as proposed by Watson and Crick, published?
Enzymes — definition?
Proteins that speed up reactions.
Digestive enzymes — role?
Break down food molecules into absorbable units.
Amylase — function?
Breaks down starch into sugars.
Temperature effect — on enzymes?
Affects activity; extremes cause denaturation.
Heart chambers — number?
Four: two atria, two ventricles.
Blood flow — pathway?
Body → right atrium → right ventricle → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → body.
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