Adaptive Molecular and Neural Strategies

Revision sheet excerpt

Course Outline

  1. Polar bear albedo and adaptations
  2. Octopus distributed intelligence and learning
  3. Synaptotagmin and rapid neurotransmitter release
  4. ADAR1 RNA editing and protein diversity
  5. Temperature-dependent RNA editing in cephalopods
  6. Polar bear genetic changes under climate stress

1. Polar bear albedo and adaptations

Key Concepts & Definitions

  • Albedo : Albedo is the fraction of incoming solar radiation reflected by a surface, changing with surface type.
  • Polar bear adaptations : Polar bear adaptations are physical and behavioral traits that improve survival in an ice-dominated environment.

Essential Points

  • Albedo 0 absorbs all incoming radiation, while albedo 100 reflects all incoming radiation.
  • Snow can reflect up to about 95% of solar radiation.
  • Polar bears have traits such as insulating fur, black skin for heat retention, high fat storage, and white camouflage for hunting.

Memory Hook

Albedo scale: 0 = absorbs, 100 = reflects (snow ≈ 95%).

2. Octopus distributed intelligence and learning

Key Concepts & Definitions

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Quiz preview

1. What does an albedo of 0 indicate for incoming solar radiation?

2. Which combination of traits best matches polar bear adaptations for life on ice?

3. What is meant by a distributed nervous system in octopuses?

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Flashcards preview

Albedo — meaning?

Fraction of solar radiation reflected by a surface

Snow reflectance — percentage?

Up to about 95%

Polar bear adaptations — traits?

Insulating fur, black skin, high fat, streamlined body, white camouflage, wide hind legs, fat-based hydration

Octopus distributed intelligence — system?

Decentralized processing across arms and central brain

Arms acting independently — reason?

Semi-autonomous actions enabled by distributed neural control

Octopus learning — capability?

Arms can learn locally; knowledge transfer occurs between arms

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