What are stomata in plants?
Microscopic pores mainly on leaf surfaces allowing gas exchange.
What must a fixed plant obtain without moving?
Light, water, carbon dioxide, mineral ions, and reproductive opportunities.
How do plants limit extreme temperature stress?
By stomatal control, leaf loss, reduced activity, stopped sap flow, and altitude adaptations.
How do plants defend against herbivores?
Through physical and chemical defenses including thorns.
What are two abiotic factors dispersing seeds?
Water and wind.
Besides abiotic factors, what else disperses seeds?
Animals.
What is photosynthesis?
It is the process producing organic matter from light, CO2, and water.
What is the basic photosynthesis chemical equation?
How do angiosperm ovules differ from gymnosperm ovules?
Angiosperm ovules are enclosed in flowers and fruits; gymnosperm ovules are exposed.
What parts make up a plant's vegetative apparatus?
Stems, leaves, buds, and a root system.
What is a bud in plants?
An embryonic stem in the leaf axil that can develop into a new stem.
How do roots increase contact with the soil?
By forming a long, fine, and often branched network.
What is a root hair?
An extremely elongated cell that absorbs water and mineral ions.
Where is the piliferous zone located?
Near the root tip containing numerous root hairs.
What is the contact surface area of rye root hairs with soil?
215.5 square meters.
What is mycorrhizal symbiosis?
A mutually beneficial association between a fungus and a plant root.
How does the fungus benefit the plant in mycorrhizal symbiosis?
By improving water and mineral-ion absorption.
How does the plant benefit the fungus in mycorrhizal symbiosis?
By supplying organic matter.
What differentiates endomycorrhiza from ectomycorrhiza?
Endomycorrhiza fungal filaments penetrate root cells; ectomycorrhiza filaments remain outside.
Why does a leaf have a large light-exposed surface relative to its volume?
To enable photosynthesis and gas exchange while limiting excessive evapotranspiration.
What causes the stomatal pore to open or close?
Guard cells change volume to open or close it.
What is the stomatal pore called?
The ostiole.
During photosynthesis, which gases enter and leave the leaf?
Carbon dioxide enters; oxygen and water vapor leave.
During cellular respiration, which gases enter and leave the leaf?
Oxygen and water enter; carbon dioxide leaves.
What do stomata enable 24 hours a day?
Gas exchanges required for cellular respiration.
When do stomata enable gas exchange for photosynthesis?
During the day.
Where are stomata located in the grass oyat leaves?
On the internal face of folded leaves.
What is raw sap mainly composed of?
Water representing more than 99 percent of it.
What does elaborated sap contain besides water and ions?
Organic molecules produced by photosynthetic cells.
Which plant vessels transport raw sap?
Xylem vessels.
Which plant vessels transport elaborated sap?
Phloem sieve tubes.
What happens to radioactive carbon dioxide in a leaf?
It is converted by photosynthesis into organic molecules.
Where is radioactive carbon detected 24 hours after leaf exposure?
Throughout the plant in elaborated sap transported by the phloem.
What is phototropism in plants?
The bending of a plant stem toward lateral light.
What does a coleoptile enclose in a grass seedling?
The shoot meristem and the first leaves.
Where are root meristem cells located and what is their role?
At the root tip, dividing to contribute to root elongation.
What are the three main steps in plant growth?
Cell division in meristems, cell elongation, and cell differentiation.
What are xylem vessels specialized to transport?
Raw sap.
What are phloem sieve tubes specialized to transport?
Elaborated sap.
Where are apical buds located on a plant?
At the top of stems.
Where are axillary buds located on a plant?
In leaf axils.
What causes phototropism in plant shoots?
Water-soluble hormones from the shoot apex cause phototropism.
What is the experimental method to test light detection in coleoptiles?
Compare plants with different parts covered and include controls.
What does a negative control demonstrate in an experiment?
The result expected when the tested condition is absent or negative.
What does a positive control demonstrate in an experiment?
That an expected condition produces the expected positive result.
How do annual plants survive cold periods?
As seeds.
How do perennial plants survive cold periods underground?
As rhizomes, tubers, or bulbs.
Which tubers are mentioned as examples?
Carrot, parsnip, beetroot, radish, and potato.
How do plants resist drought by managing stomata?
By opening and closing stomata and protecting them to limit evapotranspiration.
Where is the shoot meristem located and what does it produce?
At the top of a bud, producing a new stem.
Where does elongation occur in roots and stems?
In roots, at the root elongation zone; in stems, at each internode.
What happens to daughter cells in a root meristem?
One remains in the meristem, the other moves to elongation zone, elongates, then differentiates.
Test your knowledge with 24 questions on Functional Organization of Flowering Plants.
1. Regarding the constraints of a fixed plant lifestyle, which statements are correct?
2. Which adaptations help plants cope with environmental stresses and herbivory?
Review the complete course in the study sheet for Functional Organization of Flowering Plants.
See study sheet →Import your course and AI generates flashcards in 30 seconds.
Flashcard generator