Flashcards: Genetic Regulation and Mutations — 24 cards

Hereditary units — definition?

Chromosomes, genes, and alleles are hereditary units.

Mutations — role in evolution?

Mutations introduce genetic variation, driving evolution.

Gene regulation — in prokaryotes?

Occurs mainly at transcription initiation, involving operons.

Gene regulation — in eukaryotes?

Includes post-transcriptional processes like splicing and epigenetics.

Type VI secretion system — regulation?

Regulated genetically, involved in bacterial interactions.

Iron-dependent regulation — in E. coli?

Fur protein binds DNA; methylation affects sci1 gene expression.

Host adaptation — in Ralstonia?

Involves DNA methylation changes, not just genetic mutations.

Post-transcriptional regulation — in eukaryotes?

Includes mRNA maturation and alternative splicing.

RNA editing — effect?

Alters protein function and behavior regulation.

Translational regulation — mechanisms?

Includes small non-coding RNAs affecting translation.

Epigenetic regulation — in eukaryotes?

Histone modifications and DNA methylation control gene expression.

Biotechnologies — types?

Blue, green, red, white; applied in various fields.

Bacterial operons — regulation?

Controlled mainly at transcription initiation by sigma factors.

Chromosome — function?

Stores and organizes genetic material.

Gene — role?

Serves as a hereditary information unit.

Allele — difference?

Different forms of a gene at a specific locus.

Mutations — types?

Substitution, insertion, deletion, inversion, duplication, translocation.

Hereditary disease mutation?

Mutations can disrupt normal gene function, causing disease.

Gene expression regulation — in bacteria?

Operons and sigma factors control transcription initiation.

Gene expression regulation — in eukaryotes?

Post-transcriptional processes and epigenetics diversify expression.

Epigenetic switch — in bacteria?

DNA methylation controls gene expression based on environmental cues.

Molecular determinants — in Ralstonia?

DNA methylation influences host adaptation.

Mutations — inheritance?

Dominant or recessive, controlled by single genes.

Mutations — effect?

Can be neutral, beneficial, or harmful.