Nucleophile — definition?
Electron pair donor in substitution.
Nucleophilic substitution — process?
Nucleophile replaces a leaving group.
SN2 mechanism — key feature?
One-step backside attack with inversion.
SN1 mechanism — key feature?
Two-step carbocation formation.
Halogenoalkane reactions — types?
Substitution and elimination.
Testing halogen — method?
Add AgNO3; precipitate indicates halogen.
Silver halide precipitates — colors?
AgCl: white, AgBr: cream, AgI: yellow.
Reflux — purpose?
Heat without losing volatile substances.
Substitution of NH2 — reagent?
Ethanolic NH3 in sealed tube.
Cyanide substitution — reagent?
NaCN or KCN in ethanol under reflux.
Oxidation of primary alcohols — product?
Aldehydes first, then carboxylic acids.
Oxidation of secondary alcohols — product?
Ketones.
Oxidation of tertiary alcohols — result?
No oxidation; they are unreactive.
Alcohol dehydration — catalyst?
Al2O3 or concentrated H2SO4.
Dehydration — main step?
Remove OH and H to form alkene.
Esterification — reactants?
Alcohol + carboxylic acid + H2SO4.
Ester — functional group?
(R)-C(=O)-O-(R').
SN1 vs SN2 — rate dependence?
SN1: only on halogenoalkane; SN2: on both.
Test your knowledge with 9 questions on Nucleophilic Substitution Mechanisms.
1. What is nucleophilic substitution?
2. Which type of halogenoalkanes predominantly undergo the SN2 mechanism?
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