What marks the start of the fetal period in prenatal development?
Around the ninth week.
What key structures develop during organogenesis?
Organs, systems, placenta, umbilical cord, neural tube, head, eyes, and limb buds.
When does cardiac activity appear during prenatal development?
Around 22 days.
What is a teratogen in prenatal development?
An exposure that can disrupt prenatal development.
Which factors influence the effects of a teratogen?
Timing, duration, dose, and developmental vulnerability.
What does prenatal screening estimate?
Whether a problem may be present.
How does prenatal diagnosis differ from screening?
It establishes or clarifies the condition through further assessment.
What types of events does childbirth simultaneously represent?
Biological, emotional, familial, and institutional events.
What are possible obstetric interventions during childbirth?
Vacuum extraction, forceps, episiotomy, and cesarean delivery.
When are cesarean deliveries typically performed?
In cases of malposition, fetal distress, or maternal or placental complication.
By what age does infant weight typically double?
By 4–5 months of age.
By what age does infant weight typically triple?
By 12 months of age.
By what percentage does infant length increase by one year?
By about 50%.
What is the feeding progression in infants during the first year?
From breast milk or formula to iron-rich foods, then cow’s milk, then family foods.
When do primary teeth usually begin to appear?
Between 3 and 12 months, usually around 6 months.
How many teeth do children generally have by 3 years?
20 teeth.
What visual abilities do newborns have despite low acuity?
They are sensitive to contrasts, contours, and large shapes and see well at short distances with some tracking.
How does visual development progress in infants from birth to 3 years?
It advances from contrast sensitivity to binocular vision, then distance perception, and finally visual guidance of movement.
What is the role of myelination in neural communication?
It enables faster and more efficient communication between brain regions.
What processes interact to drive brain development?
Maturation and experience interact, including myelination, synaptic pruning, and neural circuit specialization.
How many hours do newborns aged 0–3 months typically sleep daily?
About 14–17 hours per day.
What characterizes newborn sleep patterns?
Newborn sleep is fragmented and polyphasic.
What is the recommended baby sleeping position for safe sleep?
Placing the baby on their back.
Where should a baby sleep initially for safe sleep?
In a clear and separate crib in the parents’ room.
What does co-regulation mean in infant care?
Adult support of infant physiological and emotional regulation.
How does co-regulation affect infant development?
It progressively contributes to self-regulation.
What does a percentile indicate in child growth assessment?
A child's relative position compared to peers.
What is more important than a single percentile measurement in growth?
The growth trajectory over time.
Which measurements are included in routine growth monitoring?
Weight, length or height, and head circumference.
What percentage of people experience baby blues postpartum?
Approximately 30–85%.
How long do baby blues generally last?
Less than two weeks.
How does postpartum depression differ from baby blues?
It is intense, persistent, and disabling.
What four components does Bronfenbrenner's PPCT model include?
Process, Person, Context, and Time.
Which component plays a central role in Bronfenbrenner's PPCT model?
Proximal processes.
Who proposed the PPCT model explaining development?
Urie Bronfenbrenner.
How many developmental stages did Piaget describe?
Four stages.
Name one of Piaget's four developmental stages.
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, or formal operational.
What does Vygotsky's zone of proximal development represent?
The range of what a child can accomplish with support.
What type of support is included in Vygotsky's zone of proximal development?
Scaffolding from a more capable person.
How does classical conditioning differ from operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning associates events producing involuntary responses, operant conditioning changes voluntary behavior probability through consequences.
What effect does reinforcement have on behavior probability?
Reinforcement increases the probability of a behavior.
What effect does punishment have on behavior probability?
Punishment decreases the probability of a behavior.
What is the core idea of Piaget's constructivism?
The child actively constructs understanding through schemes, assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration.
Who developed the constructivism theory involving schemes and equilibration?
Jean Piaget.
What assessments are done upon arrival at the birthing setting?
Contractions and fluid loss are assessed.
What decisions can be made after assessing contractions and fluid loss at the hospital?
The person may be admitted, sent home temporarily, or asked to wait.
What does a birth plan express?
Preferences for childbirth.
Can a birth plan change during labor?
Yes, it may change according to clinical reality.
How much physical activity do children aged 1–2 years need daily?
Approximately 180 minutes per day.
What types of physical activity are recommended for children aged 1–2 years?
Playing on the floor and spending time on their stomachs when awake.
What is the primary function of infant crying?
To serve as an alarm and primary distress signal communicating a need.
How long do infants cry and fuss on average each day?
Approximately 126 minutes per day.
At which ages is vaccination follow-up identified in the course?
At 2, 4, 12, and 18 months.
What are Tinbergen's four questions about behavior?
How it functions, develops, its adaptive value, and evolutionary history.
What does Bandura's vicarious learning involve?
Children learn by observing and imitating other people.
What does Freud's psychodynamic approach emphasize?
Unconscious processes and internal drives.
What did Erikson describe in his psychosocial development theory?
Psychosocial development across the entire lifespan.
Test your knowledge with 23 questions on Physical and Sensorimotor Development.
1. Regarding prenatal development, which statements are correct?
2. Concerning organogenesis, tick the correct statements:
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