What defines a eukaryotic cell's nucleus?
It contains DNA in large linear chromosomes.
Which cell types are eukaryotic?
Animal, plant, fungal, and protist cells.
What is the cytoplasm composed of?
A jelly-like material with dissolved nutrients, salts, and organelles.
What does the nucleus control in the cell?
The activities of the cell.
How does the cell membrane regulate substances?
It is permeable to some substances and controls their movement in and out.
What role do mitochondria play in respiration?
They contain enzymes and release most energy during respiration.
What size range do bacteria typically have?
0.2 μm to 2 μm long
Do bacteria have a nucleus?
No, they do not have a nucleus
Where is the bacterial chromosome located inside the cell?
Freely in the cytoplasm
What is a plasmid in a bacterial cell?
A small ring of DNA
What useful genes can plasmids carry?
Antibiotic resistance genes
What type of beam does a light microscope use?
A beam of light.
What is the maximum magnification of a light microscope?
Up to ×2,000.
Can light microscopes be used to observe living specimens?
Yes, they can.
What type of beam does an electron microscope use?
A high-energy electron beam.
What is the maximum magnification of an electron microscope?
Up to ×2,000,000.
What does resolution mean in microscopy?
The ability to distinguish two objects as separate points.
What is the formula for overall microscope magnification?
Which units are used for microscopic measurements?
Nanometres, micrometres, and millimetres
What must be done to units before microscopic calculations?
Convert values into compatible units
What formula calculates magnification using image and actual sizes?
What units must image size be measured in for magnification calculations?
Millimetres
What must be done to image and actual sizes before applying magnification formulas?
Convert them to the same unit
What is differentiation in cell biology?
The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for a particular function.
What structures allow nerve cells to carry and pass electrical impulses?
Many dendrites, a long axon, and synapses.
What features enable muscle cells to contract using energy from respiration?
Sliding fibres, many mitochondria, and glycogen.
What adaptations help sperm cells move and fertilise an egg?
A tail for movement, mitochondria-rich middle, digestive enzymes in the acrosome, and a large nucleus with half genetic information.
How do root hair cells absorb water and minerals?
Using a large surface area, a large permanent vacuole, and many mitochondria for active transport.
What adaptations do palisade cells have for photosynthesis?
Many chloroplasts with chlorophyll and location in outer leaf and stem layers to absorb light.
What is the first step in the microscope practical procedure?
Placing a slide on the stage.
Which objective lens is selected first in the microscope practical?
The lowest-power objective lens.
What type of reaction is aerobic respiration?
A chemical reaction that releases energy.
What gas is required for aerobic respiration?
Oxygen.
What is diffusion?
The passive movement of particles from high to low concentration.
Which additional structures do plant cells have?
Chloroplasts, a cellulose cell wall, and a permanent vacuole with cell sap.
What is the function of a bacterial flagellum?
To move the cell forwards like a propeller
What is a bacterial flagellum made of?
Protein strands
What is the purpose of a bacterial slime capsule?
To protect the bacteria
Name one advantage of light microscopes over electron microscopes.
They are relatively cheap and easy to use.
What kind of images can electron microscopes produce that light microscopes cannot?
Three-dimensional images.
What is the magnification of the eyepiece lens in microscope examples?
×10
How is image size calculated from actual size and magnification?
How is magnification calculated for a microscope drawing?
By multiplying objective magnification by eyepiece magnification.
What materials and features should microscope drawings have?
Drawings should be clear in pencil, labelled with visible cell structures, and include magnification.
What energy source does photosynthesis require?
Energy from the Sun.
What is an enzyme?
A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions.
Which organs does food pass through in the digestive system?
Oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum.
What functions do organs in the digestive system perform?
Release enzymes, mechanically break down food, absorb nutrients, and absorb water.
Answer 22 questions on Year 9 Cell Biology.
1. What is a plasmid in a bacterial cell?
2. Why are mitochondria essential for the energy needs of a eukaryotic cell?
Go over the full study guide for Year 9 Cell Biology.
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