Understanding the Skeletal and Circulatory Systems

📋 Course Outline

1. Diseases of Skeletal System
2. Osteoporosis and Risk Factors
3. Rickets and Osteomalacia
4. Osteoarthritis
5. Transport System in Mammals
6. Circulatory System Components
7. Double Circulatory System
8. Blood Flow and Valves

📖 1. Diseases of Skeletal System

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Osteoporosis: A condition where bones become brittle due to loss of bone tissue, often resulting from natural aging, deficiencies of vitamin D or calcium, and hormonal changes. It leads to decreased bone density and increased fracture risk. (Page 1)

• Rickets: A skeletal disease in children characterized by softened bones caused by vitamin D deficiency, which impairs calcium and phosphate absorption. It results in deformities such as bowed legs and pelvic deformities. (Page 3)

• Osteomalacia: Softening and decalcification of bones in adults caused by vitamin D or calcium deficiency, similar to rickets but occurring in mature bones. (Page 3)

• Osteoarthritis: Degeneration of joint cartilage and underlying bone, leading to swelling, pain, inflammation, and loss of movement. It may involve bone spurs and narrowing of joint space. (Page 3)

📝 Essential Points

• Diseases of the skeletal system can be caused by aging, poor eating habits, nutrient deficiencies, injury, or hormonal changes. These conditions are painful and can impair daily activities such as walking or bending.