Cuestionario: Biology Fundamentals and Disease Mechanisms — 9 preguntas

1. What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?

A. Energy production through ATP synthesis

B. Genetic information storage

C. Protein synthesis

D. Cell membrane regulation

Answer: (A)

Explicación

Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell because their main function is to produce ATP through aerobic respiration, providing energy for cellular activities.

2. What is the primary function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

A. Produce ATP via aerobic respiration

B. Synthesizing proteins

C. Controlling substance entry

D. Genetic material storage

Answer: (A)

Explicación

Mitochondria are known as the cell's powerhouses because they generate ATP through aerobic respiration, providing energy for cellular activities.

3. Which of the following accurately describes the base pairing rules in DNA?

A. A pairs with C, G pairs with G

B. A pairs with T, G pairs with C

C. A pairs with C, G pairs with T

D. A pairs with G, C pairs with T

Answer: (B)

Explicación

In DNA, adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C) through specific hydrogen bonds, following the base pairing rules.

4. Which component of the cell membrane is responsible for controlling substance movement?

A. Phospholipid bilayer

B. Embedded proteins

C. Fluid mosaic model

D. Transport proteins

Answer: (D)

Explicación

Transport proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer facilitate the controlled movement of substances in and out of the cell, aligning with the fluid mosaic model.

5. During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

A. Mitosis

B. S phase

C. G2 phase

D. G1 phase

Answer: (B)

Explicación

DNA replication occurs during the S (synthesis) phase of the cell cycle, where the cell duplicates its genetic material in preparation for division.

6. During gene expression, the flow of genetic information from DNA to proteins involves which two processes?

A. Transcription and translation

B. Replication and mitosis

C. Transvection and transcription

D. Replication and translation

Answer: (A)

Explicación

Gene expression involves transcription (DNA to mRNA) and translation (mRNA to protein), determining how genetic information results in functional proteins.

7. What distinguishes bacterial cells from viral particles?

A. Bacteria are living organisms, viruses are non-living

B. Viruses can reproduce independently, bacteria cannot

C. Bacteria lack DNA, viruses contain DNA

D. Viruses have cell walls, bacteria do not

Answer: (A)

Explicación

Bacteria are living organisms capable of independent life, while viruses are non-living entities that require a host cell to reproduce.

8. In pedigree analysis, which symbol is used to represent an affected female?

A. Shaded circle

B. Unshaded square

C. Half-shaded circle

D. Unshaded circle

Answer: (A)

Explicación

A shaded circle in a pedigree denotes an affected female, indicating she exhibits the trait being studied.

9. Which environmental phenomenon is characterized by rapid algae growth leading to oxygen depletion in water bodies?

A. Algal bloom

B. Eutrophication

C. Photosynthesis

D. Biological amplification

Answer: (A)

Explicación

An algal bloom results from rapid algae proliferation, often due to excess nutrients, which can deplete oxygen in aquatic ecosystems, harming aquatic life.