Hoja de repaso: Consumer Studies Grade 12 Revision

📋 Course Outline

1. Entrepreneurship and Product Choice
2. Marketing and Sustainable Production
3. Business Costing and Cash Flow
4. Food Labelling and Consumer Issues
5. Organic Food and Food Security
6. Food-Related Health Conditions
7. Foodborne Diseases and Additives
8. Fashion and Clothing Choices
9. Professional Wardrobes and Sustainability
10. Housing and Household Appliances
11. Consumer Finance and Municipal Services

📖 1. Entrepreneurship and Product Choice

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Entrepreneurship : Involves identifying a potentially profitable business opportunity and organising resources to produce and market goods or services.

★ Must-know

• Factors influencing product choice include:

  • customer demand
  • available skills
  • available resources
  • location
  • access to suppliers
  • quality and profitability

• Efficient quality production requires:

  • suitable equipment
  • reliable raw materials
  • effective storage
  • skilled labour
  • good planning
  • quality control

Further detail

• Home-based start-up needs can include:
  • equipment
  • sufficient space for stock
  • electricity
  • administrative facilities
  • capital
  • initial stock

💡 Memory Hook

Suitable products and efficient production → quality, demand and profitability

📖 2. Marketing and Sustainable Production

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Marketing plan : Organises the production and marketing of a product through the 5P strategy: product, price, place, promotion and people.

★ Must-know

• Sustainable practices include:

  • using leftover materials
  • using recycled paper
  • using solar energy
  • using local raw materials
  • installing water tanks
  • avoiding toxic materials
  • avoiding non-biodegradable packaging

• The objectives of advertising are to:

  • inform consumers
  • persuade consumers
  • remind consumers
  • create consumer appeal

Further detail

• Consumer appeal in an advertisement can be created by phrases such as “FREE DELIVERY” and “custom design and bake any size, flavour and colour you desire”.

💡 Memory Hook

5Ps: Product, Price, Place, Promotion and People

📖 3. Business Costing and Cash Flow

★ Must-know

📐 Formula — Income from selling 100 cups at R17,00 each is $100 \times R17{,}00 = R1\,700{,}00$.

📐 Formula — The production cost of 100 cups at R10,20 each is $100 \times R10{,}20 = R1\,020{,}00$.

• A product’s selling price with a mark-up is calculated by adding the mark-up percentage of the production cost to the production cost.

Further detail

• A cash-flow projection records expected income and expenses over time, allowing fluctuations and possible financial problems to be identified.

💡 Memory Hook

Costs → selling price → profit → cash flow

📖 4. Food Labelling and Consumer Issues

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Use-by date : Indicates the last date on which a food should be consumed safely.

★ Must-know

• Allergens appear on food labels to warn consumers about ingredients that may cause allergic reactions.

Further detail

• Protective information on labels includes:

  • allergens
  • country of origin
  • ingredients
  • instructions for use and storage
  • date stamps

• The label provides:

  • energy
  • protein
  • carbohydrates
  • fat
  • cholesterol
  • dietary fibre
  • sodium
  • ingredients
  • allergens

💡 Memory Hook

Use-by protects safety, whereas best-before indicates quality

📖 5. Organic Food and Food Security

★ Must-know

📌 Organic farming can benefit the natural environment by reducing synthetic chemical use, protecting biodiversity, improving soil health and reducing pollution.

• A negative economic impact of organic farming is that production costs can be higher, making organic products more expensive for consumers.

• Food security means having reliable access to adequate and safe food.

Further detail

• Irradiation can increase shelf life by:
  • reducing microorganisms
  • controlling insects
  • delaying sprouting
  • slowing ripening
  • extending food availability

💡 Memory Hook

Organic practices reduce environmental harm but may increase production costs

📖 6. Food-Related Health Conditions

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Diabetes : A condition involving inadequate insulin action and disturbed control of blood glucose levels.

📝 Essential Points

📌 Hypoglycaemia is an abnormally low blood glucose level, whereas hyperglycaemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level.

• Low-glycaemic-index foods release glucose more slowly and help provide better control of blood glucose levels.

• Calcium and vitamin D help prevent and manage osteoporosis by supporting bone formation and mineralisation.

💡 Memory Hook

Hypoglycaemia means low blood glucose, whereas hyperglycaemia means high blood glucose

📖 7. Foodborne Diseases and Additives

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Hepatitis A : A foodborne disease affecting the liver and closely linked to poor sanitation and inadequate personal hygiene.

★ Must-know

• E. coli can be transmitted through sewage-contaminated water or food and through eating contaminated fish or other food.

• Common routes of foodborne infection include:

  • contaminated food
  • contaminated water
  • inadequate cooking
  • poor hygiene
  • unsafe storage
  • cross-contamination

Further detail

• Preservatives extend shelf life by inhibiting microbial growth and delaying food spoilage.

💡 Memory Hook

Contamination → incubation → symptoms → treatment

📖 8. Fashion and Clothing Choices

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Fashion : A style of dress or appearance accepted and adopted by people during a particular period.

★ Must-know

• The fashion cycle consists of:

  • introduction
  • rise
  • peak
  • decline
  • obsolescence

• Vertical lines create the optical illusion of length, while horizontal lines create the illusion of width.

Further detail

• An A-line dress can camouflage a wide waist, while a large belt can emphasise the waist.

💡 Memory Hook

Introduction → rise → peak → decline → obsolescence

📖 9. Professional Wardrobes and Sustainability

★ Must-know

• Work clothing should communicate:

  • professionalism
  • competence
  • neatness
  • suitability
  • confidence

• Wardrobe planning requires considering:

  • work environment
  • seasons
  • occasions
  • colour
  • design elements
  • design principles
  • comfort
  • versatility

Further detail

• Buying and selling pre-owned clothing through the Yaga app can reduce textile waste and provide cheaper clothing for consumers.

📌 Copying an original clothing design can harm the original designer by reducing sales and taking unfair advantage of the designer’s creativity.

💡 Memory Hook

Fast copying harms original designers, whereas second-hand clothing supports reuse

📖 10. Housing and Household Appliances

★ Must-know

• Housing options include:

  • renting
  • building a house
  • full-title ownership
  • sectional-title ownership

• A title deed proves homeownership, a deed of sale records the purchase agreement, and a deposit is usually paid before occupying a rented property.

📌 Full-title owners are responsible for their property’s security and maintenance, whereas sectional-title owners share responsibility for communal areas through the body corporate.

Further detail

📌 An appliance with an A+ energy rating uses energy efficiently and is more environmentally friendly than a less efficient appliance.

💡 Memory Hook

Full-title ownership gives individual responsibility, whereas sectional title shares communal responsibility

📖 11. Consumer Finance and Municipal Services

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Inflation : A sustained increase in the general price level that reduces the purchasing power of consumers’ income.

★ Must-know

• The consumer price index measures changes in the prices of a basket of consumer goods and services and is used to calculate inflation.

📌 Simple interest is calculated only on the original principal, whereas compound interest is calculated on the principal plus accumulated interest.

• An increase in interest rates raises repayment costs for borrowers, reduces disposable income and can lower the quality of life of households.

Further detail

• Municipalities are responsible for providing basic services, controlling the spread of Covid-19, improving community safety and helping communities recover from disasters.

💡 Memory Hook

Inflation and interest-rate increases → higher costs and lower disposable income

📊 Synthesis Tables

Housing Options

Option	Financial responsibility	Key advantage
Renting	Rent, deposit and agreed services	Fewer maintenance responsibilities
Building	Construction, materials and finance	Property designed to owner’s needs
Full-title ownership	Bond, rates, taxes, security and maintenance	Individual ownership and investment
Sectional-title ownership	Bond and levies for communal services	Shared communal facilities and maintenance