What is motivation according to Robbins and Judge (2015)?
Motivation is the process driven by internal and external forces determining effort toward a goal.
What does intensity measure in motivation?
Intensity measures how hard a person tries.
What does direction mean in the context of motivation?
Direction is the extent effort is channeled toward an organizationally relevant objective.
What does persistence indicate in motivation?
Persistence indicates how long effort is maintained despite obstacles.
What triggers the decision to move from intention to action in motivation?
Motivation triggers the decision to deploy energy and act.
What percentage of workers worldwide were engaged according to Gallup 2017?
15% of workers worldwide were engaged.
What percentage of Western European workers were disengaged in Gallup 2017 data?
71% of Western European workers were disengaged.
Which author defined motivation as a process driven by internal and external forces in 2015?
Robbins and Judge defined motivation this way in 2015.
What causes motivation according to the push-pull energy model?
Motivation arises from the correspondence between unconscious desire and conscious aspiration.
What is the Ideal Ego in motivation theory?
The Ideal Ego is the internalized model of societal and family expectations.
Why does positive self-evaluation support motivation?
Because self-efficacy and self-expectancy influence expected success.
Which components structure motivation and feed each other in imagination?
Desires, aspirations, and self-image.
What is the motivational scenario?
An imaginary lifelong story organizing desires and aspirations for the Ideal Ego.
How does the motivational scenario organize aspirations?
By their importance and order of appearance.
What does the motivational scenario justify?
Motivation and loss of motivation.
What conflicts does the motivational scenario settle?
Conflicts between contradictory motivations.
On what does self-confidence depend?
Self-image, perceived control, and frequency of positive recognition.
What is legitimacy in motivation?
The match between personal worth and esteem granted by grades or career development.
What is identification in motivation?
Recognizing oneself in a value resonating with one’s imagination.
What does Nicolas Aubert’s golden triangle link motivation to?
Social life, performance, and involvement and engagement.
What do content theories explain in motivation?
What fosters motivation.
What do process theories explain in motivation?
How motivation influences behavior.
What are the five needs in Maslow's hierarchy?
Physiological, safety, social belonging, esteem, and self-actualization needs.
Who proposed Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs in 1954?
Maslow.
When does a person move to the next level in Maslow's hierarchy?
Only after all needs at the current lower level are satisfied.
What are the three need categories in Alderfer's ERG model?
Existence, relatedness, and growth needs.
Which needs drive behavior in McClelland's theory?
Achievement, power, and affiliation needs.
What distinguishes hygiene factors from intrinsic motivators according to Herzberg?
Hygiene factors are external conditions; intrinsic motivators relate to achievement and responsibility.
What formula represents Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation?
Motivation is .
What must be true of valence, expectancy, and instrumentality for motivation?
They must all be greater than zero.
What is expectancy in Vroom's theory?
The perceived probability that effort will produce performance.
What does instrumentality represent in expectancy theory?
The perceived link between successful performance and rewards.
What is valence in expectancy theory?
The value of rewards for personal goals.
When does motivation appear according to expectancy theory?
Only when effort-performance, performance-rewards, and rewards-personal goals links all exist.
What does Adams's equity theory state about people's comparisons?
People compare their perceived ratio of contributions to returns with others' estimated ratios.
Who developed equity theory and in which year?
Adam, 1963.
What does goal-setting theory state about goals?
Goals focus, order, and stimulate behavior.
According to goal-setting theory, what is a goal?
A desired level of performance whose difficulty can increase persistence.
What qualities should effective goals have?
They should be clear, precise, visible, useful, measurable, challenging, and difficult or complex enough to be achievable.
What are the steps involved in effective goal pursuit?
Understanding and agreeing on the goal, committing to it, receiving continuous feedback, and adjusting the goal or approach when necessary.
What is management by objectives according to Robbins and Judge?
A program of specific goals set participatively for an explicit period with feedback on progress.
Who defined goal-setting theory in 1968?
Locke & Latham.
Who defined management by objectives as a program of specific goals with feedback?
Robbins and Judge.
What distinguishes intrinsic from extrinsic motivation?
Intrinsic motivation is driven by interest or enjoyment, extrinsic by rewards or pressure.
What does Self-Determination Theory link together?
Personality, human motivation, and optimal functioning.
How does Self-Determination Theory view motivation?
As a continuum from non-self-determined to self-determined.
What is the order of motivation types on the self-determination continuum?
Amotivation, external regulation, introjected motivation, identified regulation, integrated regulation, intrinsic motivation.
What does the motivation crowding effect propose about monetary incentives?
They can reduce intrinsic motivation by lowering confidence or signaling unpleasantness.
To which tasks is the crowding-out effect especially relevant?
Creative and innovative tasks requiring high intrinsic motivation.
What supports self-regulation in intrinsic motivation?
Interest in oneself, internal locus of control, positive self-esteem, and valuing success support self-regulation.
What reduces the triggering and persistence of effort in intrinsic motivation?
Neuroticism and dramatized fear of failure reduce effort persistence.
What is autonomy in intrinsic motivation?
The need to feel empowered through choice, personal reasoning, participation, and limited external control.
What is mastery in intrinsic motivation?
The need to feel competent and improve through clear achievable objectives and positive reinforcement.
What is purpose in intrinsic motivation?
The need to make a useful contribution beyond selfish interests and profit.
What is belonging in intrinsic motivation?
The need for connected, satisfying, supportive relationships and to be heard as a legitimate group member.
Test your knowledge with 28 questions on Motivation and Its Theories.
1. Which description best defines motivation in the framework of Robbins and Judge?
2. An employee works very hard but directs that effort toward tasks unrelated to the organization’s priorities; which motivational dimension is strongest and which is weakest?
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