Flashcards: Introduction to C++ and OOP — 48 cards

Who created C++ and when?

Bjarne Stroustrup created C++ in 1985.

Where was C++ created?

At Bell Labs.

What programming paradigms does C++ combine?

Object-oriented, generic, and procedural programming.

What performance and memory features does C++ offer?

Near-assembly performance and manual memory control.

Name three application areas where C++ is used.

Operating systems, compilers, and games.

How are programming languages classified by abstraction?

As machine, assembly, low-level, mid-level, high-level, and very high-level languages.

Which programming paradigms are commonly recognized?

Procedural, object-oriented, functional, scripting, declarative, and logic programming.

In which year was C++ introduced?

1985.

When was the C programming language introduced?

1972.

What year was Python introduced?

1991.

When was Java introduced?

1995.

What are the main stages in the program development cycle?

Problem definition, algorithm design, coding, testing and debugging, and documentation.

What does problem definition identify in program development?

Requirements, inputs, outputs, and constraints.

What is produced by problem definition in program development?

A problem statement.

What tools are used in algorithm design before coding?

Flowcharts and pseudocode.

What is the purpose of algorithm design in program development?

To produce an algorithm before coding begins.

What does a compiler do with high-level source code?

It translates it into machine code.

What is the first step in C++ compilation from .cpp files?

Preprocessing from .cpp to .i files.

What is the main function of a linker in program building?

It combines object files and resolves external references.

How does a loader differ from a linker?

It places the executable in memory and starts it.

What happens during static linking?

Libraries are copied into the executable.

What characterizes dynamic linking?

Libraries are loaded at runtime requiring DLL or .so files.

What is a variable in C++?

A named storage location in memory that holds a changeable value.

What must a C++ variable name start with?

A letter or underscore.

Where is a local variable declared in C++?

Inside a function or block.

Where is a global variable declared in C++?

Outside all functions.

Which primitive C++ types are 4 bytes in size?

int and float.

How many bytes does a double type occupy in C++?

8 bytes.

What size do char and bool types have in C++?

1 byte each.

What does procedural programming focus on compared to object-oriented programming?

Procedural programming focuses on functions and separates data from functions.

How does object-oriented programming handle data and methods?

It combines data and methods in objects.

What are the four core principles of object-oriented programming?

Encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction.

What does encapsulation do in object-oriented programming?

It binds data and methods together while hiding internal implementation details.

What is a class in programming?

A user-defined data type encapsulating data and functions as a blueprint without allocating memory.

What defines an object in programming?

An instance of a class that occupies memory and can be manipulated.

How is a member function defined inside a class treated by default?

It is inline by default.

What distinguishes a member function defined outside a class?

It separates interface from implementation using the scope-resolution operator.

What does the dot operator do in object access?

It accesses members through an object.

How does the arrow operator access members?

Through a pointer to an object, equivalent to (*pointer).member.

What happens to objects allocated on the stack?

They are destroyed automatically.

What must be done for objects allocated on the heap with new?

They require a matching delete to prevent memory leaks.

What does an access specifier define in C++?

It defines visibility and accessibility of class members.

From where are public members accessible in C++?

Inside the class, derived classes, and outside the class.

Where are protected members accessible in C++?

Inside their class and derived classes only.

Can protected members be accessed from outside their class?

No, they cannot be accessed from outside the class.

Where are private members accessible in C++?

Only inside their own class.

What is the default access specifier in a C++ class?

Private is the default access specifier in a class.

What is the default access specifier in a C++ struct?

Public is the default access specifier in a struct.