1. 📌 Essentials

• Apartheid: System of institutionalized racial segregation in South Africa.
• Key Activists: Steve Biko, Nelson Mandela, Albertina Sisulu, Malala Yousafzai.
• Spatial Segregation: Enforced land and urban separation, often justified as "good neighbourliness- Environmental Racism: Disproportionate environmental hazards and pollution in communities of color.
• Major Laws: Jim Crow Laws and Plessy v. Ferguson upheld racial segregation in the US.
• Climate Inequality: Vulnerable populations suffer most from climate change impacts.
• Colonial Roots: Exploitation and systemic inequality rooted in colonial history.
• Data (USA): Over 68% of Black Americans live near hazardous waste sites; higher pollution exposure.
• "Cancer Alley": Example of environmental racism affecting Black communities in Louisiana.
• Quotes: Emphasize sacrifice, hope, education, and land as symbols of resistance and change.
• Goals: Dismantle spatial barriers, address environmental injustice, promote activism.

2. 🧩 Key Structures & Components