Flashcard: Global Transformations in Modern History — 24 carte

Columbian Exchange — definition?

Exchange of plants, animals, diseases, people between Europe and the Americas.

Native population decline — cause?

Diseases introduced by Europeans reduced Native Americans by 90%.

African slaves — reason?

Replaced Native Americans after their population declined from disease.

European animals — introduced?

Cattle, pigs, and horses were brought to the Americas.

Little Ice Age — demographic impact?

Large Native American death toll contributed to climate change effects.

Thirty Years War — significance?

Most consequential religious war in 17th-century Europe, causing massive casualties.

Martin Luther's ideas — main?

Salvation by faith alone, scripture as truth, priesthood of all believers.

Jesuits — role?

Catholic missionaries spreading Catholicism worldwide.

Mercantilism — role?

Colonies provided wealth to mother countries through trade policies.

Scientific Revolution — key figures?

Copernicus and Galileo advanced astronomy and understanding of the heavens.

Enlightenment — core ideas?

Reason, natural rights, universal laws influenced politics and society.

American Revolution — main cause?

Taxation without representation and grievances post-Seven Years War.

French Revolution — main cause?

Debt from supporting America and social inequalities.

Industrial Revolution — key feature?

Mechanized production, steam power, urbanization, new social classes.

Rise of nationalism — definition?

Belief that each country should have its own government.

Imperialism — what?

Acquiring territories considered inferior, driven by economic and racial motives.

World War I — trigger?

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian nationalist.

Treaty ending WWI?

Treaty of Versailles.

World War II — major powers?

Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan; Allies: US, Britain, USSR.

Holocaust — what?

Systematic murder of six million Jews by Nazis.

Cold War — main conflict?

US and USSR rivalry, nuclear arms race, ideological opposition.

Decolonization — method?

Negotiated independence (India), wars (Algeria).

Post-WWII order — organizations?

United Nations, NATO, Warsaw Pact.

Columbian Exchange — impact?

Profound demographic and ecological transformations.