Flashcard: Cellular and Digestive Processes Masterclass — 20 carte

Lactase deficiency — definition?

Inability to digest lactose due to low lactase enzyme activity.

Symptoms after dairy — caused by?

Undigested lactose fermenting in the gut, causing gas and diarrhea.

Osmolar diarrhea — mechanism?

Unabsorbed lactose draws water into the intestine.

Bile — role in fat digestion?

Emulsifies fats into smaller droplets for enzyme action.

Bile slows — effect?

Peristalsis, prolonging digestion.

Caspases — activated by?

Unfolded proteins triggering apoptosis.

Caspases — function?

Execute apoptosis by cleaving cellular proteins.

Cell cycle arrest — caused by?

Spindle damage activating the metaphase checkpoint.

Colchicine — effect on spindle?

Inhibits microtubule polymerization, causing metaphase arrest.

Spindle assembly — process?

Microtubules organize from centrosomes to form bipolar spindle.

Proliferation — key in?

Embryonic development and tissue growth.

Chromosome — type based on?

Centromere position and arm length.

Metacentric chromosome — arm length?

Equal arms, centromere in the middle.

Centromere — location?

Region where sister chromatids attach during division.

Chromosome classification — types?

Metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, telocentric.

Centromere position — determines?

Chromosome type and segregation behavior.

Sickle cell mutation — type?

Point mutation in HBB gene, glutamic acid to valine.

Lethal mutations — effect?

Cause organism death or prevent survival.

Mutations in sperm — consequence?

Infertility or subfertility due to disrupted spermatogenesis.

Vitiligo mutations — impact?

Affect melanocyte function, causing depigmentation.