Foundations of Chemistry and Physics

📋 Course Outline

1. Lewis Structures and Valence Rules
2. Chemical Bonds and Molecular Structures
3. Chemical Formulas and Moles
4. Equation Balancing and Oxidation
5. Reaction Energy and Respiration
6. Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons
7. Branches of Physics

📖 1. Lewis Structures and Valence Rules

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Chemical bond : the force of attraction that holds atoms together in a compound
• Ionic bond : forms by complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another; the atom losing electrons becomes a positively charged cation and the atom gaining electrons becomes a negatively charged anion

★ Must-know

📌 The octet rule describes the tendency of an atom to gain 8 electrons in its valence shell, while the duplet rule applies to hydrogen and helium and involves 2 electrons.

Further detail

📌 When different atoms are present in the same number in a Lewis structure, the atom with the greater need for electrons is placed in the center; between carbon and nitrogen, nitrogen has 5 valence electrons and carbon has 4.

💡 Memory Hook

Octet seeks 8 electrons, whereas duplet seeks 2.

📖 2. Chemical Bonds and Molecular Structures