Flashcard: Nucleophilic Substitution Mechanisms — 18 carte

Nucleophile — definition?

Electron pair donor in substitution.

Nucleophilic substitution — process?

Nucleophile replaces a leaving group.

SN2 mechanism — key feature?

One-step backside attack with inversion.

SN1 mechanism — key feature?

Two-step carbocation formation.

Halogenoalkane reactions — types?

Substitution and elimination.

Testing halogen — method?

Add AgNO3; precipitate indicates halogen.

Silver halide precipitates — colors?

AgCl: white, AgBr: cream, AgI: yellow.

Reflux — purpose?

Heat without losing volatile substances.

Substitution of NH2 — reagent?

Ethanolic NH3 in sealed tube.

Cyanide substitution — reagent?

NaCN or KCN in ethanol under reflux.

Oxidation of primary alcohols — product?

Aldehydes first, then carboxylic acids.

Oxidation of secondary alcohols — product?

Ketones.

Oxidation of tertiary alcohols — result?

No oxidation; they are unreactive.

Alcohol dehydration — catalyst?

Al2O3 or concentrated H2SO4.

Dehydration — main step?

Remove OH and H to form alkene.

Esterification — reactants?

Alcohol + carboxylic acid + H2SO4.

Ester — functional group?

(R)-C(=O)-O-(R').

SN1 vs SN2 — rate dependence?

SN1: only on halogenoalkane; SN2: on both.