The electrical pressure between two points
Explanation
Voltage is the electrical potential difference, or pressure, between two points and is measured in volts. Unlike current, voltage does not flow by itself.
Current
Explanation
Current is the flow of electrons through a circuit and is measured in amperes or milliamperes. Voltage instead describes electrical pressure between two points.
4 ohms
Explanation
Using Ohm’s Law rearranged as R = V/I, the resistance is 12/3 = 4 ohms.
A material’s opposition to current flow
Explanation
Resistance is a material’s opposition to the flow of current and is measured in ohms.
Specialised circuitry designed for one dedicated job
Explanation
An embedded system combines specialised circuitry and purpose-tailored software to perform a specific dedicated job. This distinguishes it from a general-purpose computer.
A microprocessor needs separate supporting components, while a microcontroller integrates them on one chip
Explanation
A microprocessor is primarily a processing brain and needs separate memory, motherboard, and I/O controllers. A microcontroller integrates the processor, memory, and I/O ports on one self-contained chip.
7–12 V
Explanation
The Arduino Uno operates at 5 V and accepts a recommended input voltage of 7–12 V through its barrel jack.
It reads inputs, processes them with a program, and sends outputs
Explanation
The IPO cycle continuously reads environmental inputs, processes them with a program, and sends outputs to devices for as long as the microcontroller has power.
Digital ports represent two states, while analog ports handle a range of values
Explanation
Digital ports use HIGH (5 V) or LOW (0 V), giving two states. Analog ports can handle a wider range of values.
The LED’s low internal resistance could allow excessive current
Explanation
An LED has low internal resistance, so connecting it directly could permit excessive current and damage the LED or Arduino pin. A current-limiting resistor prevents this.
150 Ω
Explanation
Using Ohm’s law, R = (5 V − 2 V) / 0.02 A = 150 Ω. The resistor accounts for the remaining 3 V after the LED’s 2 V drop.
Turn HIGH, wait 1 second, turn LOW, wait 1 second
Explanation
The Blinky program repeatedly sets the LED HIGH, waits one second, sets it LOW, and waits another second.
A pin connected firmly to neither HIGH nor LOW
Explanation
A floating input is connected firmly to neither HIGH nor LOW, so its reading can be unreliable. A pull-down input, in contrast, is held at a definite LOW.
LOW when unpressed and HIGH when pressed
Explanation
The pull-down resistor holds the unpressed input at LOW. Pressing the button connects the input to 5 V, making it HIGH.
It reads pin 2 and sets pin 13 HIGH only when the reading is HIGH
Explanation
The program reads digital pin 2 into PB2_state, then sets pin 13 HIGH when that state is HIGH and LOW otherwise.
A proportional voltage at the midpoint
Explanation
Two series resistors divide the total voltage, producing a proportional voltage that can be measured at their midpoint. A single resistor does not create this divider arrangement.
As a value from 0 to 1023 on pins A0–A5
Explanation
The Arduino Uno converts 0–5 V analog input into readings from 0 to 1023 on its six analog inputs, A0 through A5.
Map the input range 0–1023 to the output range 0–255
Explanation
Arduino analog input readings range from 0 to 1023, while brightness control commonly uses an output range of 0 to 255. Dividing the input by four is one simple mapping method.
To organize tools for a particular type of design task
Explanation
A workbench is a collection of FreeCAD tools organized for a specific job, such as sketching or part design. The Sketcher and Part Design workbenches serve different purposes within that organization.
A Body
Explanation
A Body holds the 3D features that make up one designed part. A sketch is instead a flat 2D drawing used to begin creating that part.
It provides a flat 2D starting drawing for a 3D shape
Explanation
A sketch is a flat 2D drawing made on a chosen plane and serves as the starting point for a 3D shape. A Body stores the resulting 3D features, while the Tasks tab provides tool instructions and settings.
To guide planning and measurement without adding geometry to the final solid
Explanation
A construction line is a planning and measurement guide that is excluded from the final solid model and appears blue in construction mode. Normal geometry lines, by contrast, contribute to the model.
A 30 mm construction line
Explanation
The centre lies halfway across the 60 mm width, so the guide from the origin should be 30 mm long. A perpendicular construction line then marks the other centre direction.
A polyline creates connected straight segments in one continuous action
Explanation
A polyline creates a connected chain of straight-line segments without repeatedly selecting the line tool. Separate line operations require selecting the line tool again for each segment.
To let a bolt or pin slide along an oblong rounded opening
Explanation
A slot is an oblong, rounded opening that allows a bolt or pin to slide rather than remain in one round hole. Polygons and ellipses describe different types of geometry.
The independent ways a shape can still move, stretch, or rotate
Explanation
Degrees of freedom are the independent ways a shape can still move, stretch, or rotate before it is fixed. Constraints remove these remaining movements.
Four
Explanation
A freely drawn single line has four degrees of freedom: vertical position, horizontal position, length, and angle.
Fix its vertical position, horizontal position, length, and angle
Explanation
A single line can be fully constrained by fixing its vertical and horizontal positions, setting its length, and fixing its angle.
The sketch has zero degrees of freedom and cannot move accidentally
Explanation
A fully constrained FreeCAD sketch has zero degrees of freedom and turns green, indicating that it cannot move accidentally.
To round a sharp edge and make the model smoother and safer
Explanation
A fillet rounds an existing sharp edge, making the model smoother, safer, and more professional. A datum plane, by contrast, creates a reference surface for sketching.
Providing a reference surface for a sketch from a different angle or position
Explanation
A datum plane is a reference surface created on a model so that a new sketch can be made from a different angle or position.
Create a Body and XY-plane Sketch, build and constrain an L-shaped profile, add a 5 mm fillet and an 8 mm by 20 mm slot, create a 6 mm diameter hole on a datum plane, and save
Explanation
The workflow begins with a Body and XY-plane Sketch, then creates and constrains an L-shaped polyline, adds the specified fillet and slot, creates the hole on a datum plane, and saves the project.
80 mm and 50 mm
Explanation
The bracket’s base is 80 mm long, while its raised arm is 50 mm tall. Both sections are 10 mm thick.
Memorize the answers with 78 flashcards on Grade 8 Coding and Robotics.
What is voltage in electrical terms?
Voltage is the electrical potential difference between two points.
How is current defined in an electrical circuit?
Current is the flow of electrons through a circuit.
What does resistance measure in a material?
Resistance measures a material’s opposition to current flow.
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